1 / 45

Rational use of drugs: an overview

Rational use of drugs: an overview. Richard Laing with materials prepared by Kathleen Holloway Technical Briefing Seminar. Department of Medicines Policy and Standards. Objectives. Define rational use of medicines and identify the magnitude of the problem

arleen
Download Presentation

Rational use of drugs: an overview

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Rational use of drugs:an overview Richard Laing with materials prepared by Kathleen Holloway Technical Briefing Seminar Department of Medicines Policy and Standards

  2. Objectives • Define rational use of medicines and identify the magnitude of the problem • Understand the reasons underlying irrational use • Discuss strategies and interventions to promote rational use of medicines • Discuss the role of government, NGOs, donors and WHO in solving drug use problems

  3. The rational use of drugs requires that patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community.WHO conference of experts Nairobi 1985 • correct drug • appropriate indication • appropriate drug considering efficacy, safety, suitability for the patient, and cost • appropriate dosage, administration, duration • no contraindications • correct dispensing, including appropriate information for patients • patient adherence to treatment

  4. Adequacy of diagnostic processSource: Thaver et al SSM 1998, Guyon et al WHO Bull 1994, Krause et al TMIH 1998, Bitran HPP 1995, Bjork et al HPP 1992, Kanji et al HPP 1995.

  5. 5-55% of PHC patients receive injections - 90% may be medically unnecessary Source: Quick et al, 1997, Managing Drug Supply • 15 billion injections per year globally • half are with unsterilized needle/syringe • 2.3-4.7 million infections of hepatitis B/C and up to 160,000 infections of HIV per year associated with injections % of primary care patients receiving injections

  6. Variation in outpatient antibiotic use in 26 European countries in 2002 Source: Goosens et al, Lancet, 2005; 365: 579-587; ESAC project.

  7. Trends in the use of medicines 1990-2003 Source: WHO/PSM database 2004 n=average number of studies per year i.e. data point

  8. Regional variation in prescribing 1990-2004 Source: WHO/PSM database August 2004 Baseline data covering all diseases and all ages

  9. Treatment of ARI cases Source: WHO/PSM database 2004.

  10. Public/private acute diarrhoea treatment Source: WHO/PSM database, 2004.

  11. Overuse and misuse of antimicrobials contributes to antimicrobial resistance Source: WHO country data 2000-3 • Malaria • choroquine resistance in 81/92 countries • Tuberculosis • 0-17 % primary multi-drug resistance • HIV/AIDS • 0-25 % primary resistance to at least one anti-retroviral • Gonorrhoea • 5-98 % penicillin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae • Pneumonia and bacterial meningitis • 0-70 % penicillin resistance in S. pneumoniae • Diarrhoea: shigellosis • 10-90% ampicillin resistance, 5-95% cotrimoxazole resistance • Hospital infections • 0-70% S. Aureus resistance to all penicillins & cephalosporins

  12. Adverse drug events Source: Review by White et al, Pharmacoeconomics, 1999, 15(5):445-458 • 4-6th leading cause of death in the USA • estimated costs from drug-related morbidity & mortality 30 million-130 billion US$ in the USA • 4-6% of hospitalisations in the USA & Australia • commonest, costliest events include bleeding, cardiac arrhythmia, confusion, diarrhoea, fever, hypotension, itching, vomiting, rash, renal failure

  13. 1. EXAMINE Measure Existing Practices (Descriptive Quantitative Studies) improve diagnosis 4. FOLLOW UP 2. DIAGNOSE Measure Changes Identify Specific in Outcomes Problems and Causes (Quantitative and Qualitative (In-depth Quantitative Evaluation) and Qualitative Studies) improve 3. TREAT intervention Design and Implement Interventions (Collect Data to Measure Outcomes) Changing a Drug Use Problem:An Overview of the Process

  14. Intrinsic Prior Knowledge Scientific Information Habits Information Social &Cultural Factors Influenceof Drug Industry Treatment Choices Societal Economic & Legal Factors Workload & Staffing Workplace Infra-structure Authority & Supervision Relationships With Peers Workgroup Many Factors Influence Use of Medicines

  15. Educational: • Inform or persuade • Health providers • Consumers Managerial: • Guide clinical practice • Information systems/STGs • Drug supply / lab capacity Use of Medicines Economic: • Offer incentives • Institutions • Providers and patients Regulatory: • Restrict choices • Market or practice controls • Enforcement Strategies to Improve Use of Drugs

  16. Educational StrategiesGoal: to inform or persuade • Training for Providers • Undergraduate education • Continuing in-service medical education (seminars, workshops) • Face-to-face persuasive outreach e.g. academic detailing • Clinical supervision or consultation • Printed Materials • Clinical literature and newsletters • Formularies or therapeutics manuals • Persuasive print materials • Media-Based Approaches • Posters • Audio tapes, plays • Radio, television

  17. Pre Post Impact of Patient-Provider Discussion Groups on Injection Use in Indonesian PHC Facilities Source: Hadiyono et al, SSM, 1996, 42:1185 % Prescribing Injections 80 60 40 20 0 Intervention Control

  18. Promotional materials are most used source of information Increased adverts result in increased prescribing

  19. Managerial and economic strategies Goal:to structure or guide decisions • Changes in selection, procurement, distribution to ensure availability of essential drugs • Essential Drug Lists, morbidity-based quantification, kit systems • Strategies aimed at prescribers • targeted face-to-face supervision with audit, peer group monitoring, structured order forms, evidence-based standard treatment guidelines • Dispensing strategies • course of treatment packaging, labelling, generic substitution • Avoidance of perverse financial incentives • prescribers’ salaries from drug sales, flat prescription fees, • insurance policies that reimburse non-essential drugs or incorrect doses

  20. RCT in Uganda of the effects of STGs, training and supervision on % of Px conforming to guidelines Source: Kafuko et al, UNICEF, 1996.

  21. Pre-post with control study of an economic intervention (user fees) on prescribing quality in Nepal Source: Holloway, Gautam & Reeves, HPP, 2001

  22. PHC prescribing with and without Bamako initiative in Nigeria Source: Scuzochukwu et al, HPP, 2002

  23. Regulatory strategiesGoal: to restrict or limit decisions • Drug registration • Banning unsafe drugs - but beware unexpected results • substitution of a second inappropriate drug after banning a first inappropriate or unsafe drug • Regulating the use of different drugs to different levels of the health sector e.g. • licensing prescribers and drug outlets • scheduling drugs into prescription-only & over-the-counter • Regulating pharmaceutical promotional activities Only work if the regulations are enforced

  24. DDD/1000 inhabitant-days This is where a large graphic or chart can go. Source: Bavestrello & Cabello, ICIUM 2004

  25. Seminar (both groups) District-wide monitoring (both groups) Interactive group discussion (IGC group only) Impact of multiple interventions on injection use in Indonesia Source: Long-term impact of small group interventions, Santoso et al., 1996

  26. Review of 30 studies in developing countries size of drug use improvements with various interventions Minor Moderate Large Large group training Small group training Diarr. community case mgt ARI community case mgt Info/guidelines Group process Supervision/audit EDP/Drug supply Economic strategies 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 Improvement in outcome measure (%) Source: Ross-Degnan et al, Plenary presentation, ICIUM 1997, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

  27. Interventions: 844 in 204 study sites18% evaluated with adequate study design Source: WHO/PSM database, ICIUM 2004

  28. 10 national strategies to promote RUMneeds sufficient govt. investment for medicines & staff ! Source: WHO Policy Perspectives no.5 1. Evidence-based standard treatment guidelines 2. Essential Drug Lists based on treatments of choice 3. Drug & Therapeutic Committees in hospitals 4. Problem-based training in pharmacotherapy in UG training 5. Continuing medical education as a licensure requirement 6. Independent drug information e.g bulletins, formularies 7. Supervision, audit and feedback 8. Public education about drugs 9. Avoidance of perverse financial incentives 10. Appropriate and enforced drug regulation

  29. What are countries doing to promote rational use of medicines ? Source: TCM pharmaceutical database 2003 % countries implementing policies to promote rational use

  30. Why does irrational use continue? Very few countries regularly monitor drug use and implement effective nation-wide interventions - because… • they have insufficient funds or personnel? • they lack of awareness about the funds wasted through irrational use? • there is insufficient knowledge of concerning the cost-effectiveness of interventions?

  31. WHO priorities • Developing a model formulary process, the WHO Essential Drugs Library • Training programmes • Promoting drug & therapeutic committees • Pilot projects to contain antimicrobial resistance • Intervention research to promote RUM • cost-effectiveness of interventions, policies • Advocacy for the rational use of medicines (RUM) • Essential Drug Monitor, effective drug information • WHO Resolution

  32. WHO-sponsored training programmes • INRUD/MSH/WHO: Promoting the rational use of drugs • MSH/WHO: Drug and therapeutic committees • Groningen University, The Netherlands / WHO: Problem-based pharmacotherapy • Amsterdam University, The Netherlands / WHO: Promoting rational use of drugs in the community • Newcastle, Australia / WHO: Pharmaco-economics • Boston University, USA / WHO: Drug Policy Issues

  33. DTC training course results 2000-3 • 361 people trained from 56 countries • 87 (24%) responded to follow-up e-mail request • 57 (16%) participants had undertaken 152 DTC related activities • 24 (7%) participants from 10 countries attended the follow-up workshop for active participants Requires more support from donors

  34. % Px with Av.no.drugs / Px Abs/Inj. 100% 5 80% 4 No.drugs 60% 3 Antibiotics 40% 2 Injections 20% 1 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Months Promoting DTCs: monitoring, training & planning through hospital DTCs in Laos Source: Sisounthone, WPRO-EDM, 1(1), March 2002

  35. Local pilot projects to contain AMR • Objectives • develop, implement & evaluate interventions to contain AMR using surveillance data in local sites • to develop a new method for the integrated surveillance, at community level, of antimicrobial use and resistance that can be used in many different countries • to build local capacity in developing a multi-disciplinary approach to the containment of AMR • 3 phases • (1) set up surveillance, • (2) develop, implement & evaluate interventions • (3) expand to other sites

  36. Looking at trends in cotrimoxazole resistance and use in Mumbai, India, 2002 Source: Thatte et al, ICIUM 2004

  37. 25% 100% 20% 80% 15% 60% sputum treated isolates 10% 40% % patients % resistant with cotri 5% 20% 0% 0% 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PHC clinics Pharmacies Private Practitioners H.influenzae resist. S.pneumoniae resist. Monitoring community cotrimoxazole resistance and use in Durban, S.Africa, 2002-3 Source: Gray and Essack et al, ICIUM 2004

  38. Identifying effective strategies to promote more rational use of drugs • Joint research initiative between WHO/PSM, MSH, Harvard and Boston Universities, and ARCH • over 20 intervention research projects in developing countries • WHO/PSM database on drug use • quantitative data on drug use and interventions to improve drug use over the last decade

  39. 2nd International Conference for Improving Use of Medicines, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2004472 participants from 70 countries http://www.icium.org Recommendations for countries to: • Implement national medicines programmes to improve medicines use • Scale up successful interventions • Implement interventions to address community medicines use

  40. What are we spending to promote rational use of medicines ? • Global sales of Px medicines in 2000: US$ 282.5 billion • Drug promotion costs in USA in 2000: US$ 15.7 billion • Global WHO expenditure in 2002-3: US$ 2.3 billion • Essential Medicines expenditure 2% • Essential Medicines expenditure on promoting rational use of medicines 10% • WHO expenditure on promoting rational use of medicines 0.2%

  41. 2007 RUD Resolution WHA60.16 1. URGES Member States: (1) to invest sufficiently in human resources and provide adequate financing in order to strengthen institutional capacity in order to ensure more appropriate use of medicines in both the public and private sectors; (2) to consider establishing and/or strengthening, as appropriate, a national drug regulatory authority and a full national programme and/or multidisciplinary body, involving civil society and professional bodies, to monitor and promote the rational use of medicine; (3) to consider developing, strengthening and implementing, where appropriate, the application of an essential medicines list into the benefit package of the existing or new insurance funds; (4) to develop and strengthen existing training programmes on rational use of medicines and ensure that they are taken into account in the curricula for all health professionals and medical students, including their continuing education, where appropriate, and to promote programmes of public education in rational use of medicines;

  42. 2007 RUD Resolution WHA60.16 (5) to enact new, or enforce existing, legislation to ban inaccurate, misleading or unethical promotion of medicines, to monitor promotion of medicines, and to develop and implement programmes that will provide independent, nonpromotional information about medicines; (6) to develop and implement national policies and programmes for improving medicine use, including clinical guidelines and essential medicines lists, as appropriate, with an emphasis on multifaceted interventions targeting both the public and private health sectors, and involving providers and consumers; (7) to consider developing, and strengthening where appropriate, the capacity of hospital drug and therapeutic committees to promote the rational use of medicines; (8) to expand to national level sustainable interventions successfully implemented at local level;

  43. 2007 RUD Resolution WHA60.16 2. REQUESTS the Director-General: (1) to strengthen the leadership and evidence-based advocacy role of WHO in promoting rational use of medicines; (2) in collaboration with governments and civil society, to strengthen WHO’s technical support to Member States in their efforts to establish or strengthen, where appropriate, multidisciplinary national bodies for monitoring medicine use, and implementing national programmes for the rational use of medicines; (3) to strengthen the coordination of international financial and technical support for rational use of medicines;

  44. 2007 RUD Resolution WHA60.16 (4) to promote research, particularly on development of sustainable interventions for rational medicine use at all levels of the health sector, both public and private; (5) to promote discussion among health authorities, professionals and patients on the rational use of medicines; (6) to report to the Sixty-second World Health Assembly, and subsequently biennially, on progress achieved, problems encountered and further actions proposed in the implementation of WHO’s programmes to promote rational use of medicines.

  45. Conclusions • Irrational use of medicines is a very serious global public health problem. • Much is known about how to improve rational use of medicines but much more needs to be done • policy implementation at the national level • implementation and evaluation of more interventions, particularly managerial, economic and regulatory interventions • Rational use of medicines could be greatly improved if a fraction of the resources spent on medicines were spent on improving use.

More Related