Where Do Values Originate? How Do They Develop?

1. Where Do Values Originate?How Do They Develop? • Originate • Not born with values. They are learned through socialization. • Socializers include: • Family, Peers, School, Religion, Government, & Media • Develop • Values Programming Analysis • Early Years (imprinting) • Middle Years (modeling) • Teen Years (socialization & peer group) • Societal Influences (decade theory) (not on test)

2. Altering Influences of Our Values • Major Life Change • Mental Unrest • Changes in Wants • Evaluating Your Values • Characteristics of Healthy Values • Owned • Realistic • Behaviors that promote positive outcomes • Life Enhancing

3. How are Values Transmitted • Moralizing • Direct, although sometimes subtle transmission of the adult’s values to young people • Laissez-faire • Opposite means of value transmission than moralizing. In laissez-faire the young person is left to discover values without leadership or guidance.

4. Recommendations for Values Development • Set a Positive Example • Do as I say not as I do yields a child who will do just that, say one thing but do another. • Encourage the Values You Think are Important • Positive Reinforcement • Teach and Guide • Allow Experience to Be a Teacher • Encourage Thinking for Oneself • Instill a Value of Self • Emphasize Universally Acceptable Values

5. Characteristics of Overall Health • Trim and Physically Fit • Full of Energy • Free of Minor Complaints (indigestion, headaches, constipation, insomnia, et.) • Alert and Able to Concentrate • Radiant with Clear Skin • Active and Creative • Able to Relax Easily, Free of Worry, and Anxiety • Free of Destructive Health Habits • Fulfilled and At Peace • Satisfied with Your Sexual Relationships • Able to Assert Yourself and Stand Up for Your Rights • Think Critically About a Variety of Topics

6. Just Checking in With Self • Based on Assignment 1a, you should have a better idea of your self-concept and the manner in which other’s see you. With this feedback you have some decisions to make. • Do you believe what they have told you? • Do you want to change anything about you? • What are they?

7. True or Real Self vs Ideal Self What do we do when the “Real Self” and the “Ideal Self” are not the same Cognitive Dissonance: A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person’s belief is inconsistent with his or her behavior. Defensiveness: The Enemy

8. Steps for Achieving Goals • Consider and Assess Goals for Change • Isthe goal mine? • Is the goal in accord with my values? • Is the goal a priority of mine? • Is the goal realistic? • Is the goal specific? • What are my motives? • Write the Goal • Determine Specific Action Steps • Pinpoint • Take Action • The longer you wait the less likely you will act. • Reassess the Goal and Repeat Steps

9. Physical Health • Benefits of Physical Activity • Nutrition • Weight Maintenance • Diet, Cardio, Weight Training • Adequate Rest • Stress Management (see next slide)

10. Mental Health: Stress Management • Stress- the bodies experience of a perceived demand to adjust. • General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye)

11. Stress Management (cont) • Distress v. Eustress (both are taxing) • Sources of Stress • External and Internal • Coping with Stress • Deep Relaxation and Breathing • Cognitive Change (see

12. Mental Health: Valuing Yourself • Self-Esteem- the value that we place on ourselves. • Global- overall self-evaluation • Sources of Self-Esteem • Social Interaction (reflections & perception) • Social Information (feedback from others) • Social Comparison (family, peers & culture) • Self-Observation • How much should we rely on others? Self?

13. Mental Health: Valuing Yourself • Effects of Higher Levels of Self-Esteem • Improved Academic Performance • Emotions and Behavior (depression & drug use) • Improved Relationships (Closeness) • Improved Career Success • The effects of low self-esteem are the converse of the list above.

14. Mental Health: Valuing Yourself • Self-Esteem Building and Strengthening • Heal Psychological Pain • Choose Healthy Conscious Living • Set Priorities • Concentrate on Strengths • Affirmations (positive statements about self) • Evaluate Sources • Change Thoughts

15. Theory of Change I: Thought Changing • Change Negative Thought Patterns • Cognitive Theory • Event-Thought-Emotion-Action (cycle) • Punctuate Thought • Thoughts become automatic • Negative thoughts begat negative emotions • Change Your Thoughts • Cognitive Restructuring- thought changing • Tune into Self Talk or Metacognition- your thoughts • Irrational Beliefs- unreasonable and exaggerated thoughts

16. Thought Changing • Change Negative Thought Patterns (cont) • Albert Ellis • Identify irrational thought • Determine the truth of the thought and related facts • Restructure thought Just because ____ doesn’t mean • End with an affirmation • Thought Stopping- A cognitive technique in which you mentally say “stop thinking this way” or just “stop”

17. Theory of Change II. • Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner): An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior. • Operant Conditioning: The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences. • Reinforcer: A stimulus or event that strengthens or increases the probability of the response it follows. • Punisher: A stimulus or event that weakens or decreases the probability of the response it follows. • If you persist in an unhealthy behavior your self-esteem will not increase. Make wise decisions.