Dear user,

1. Dear user, • Thank you for the outreach you are undertaking for the IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage! This note contains some instructions on how this standard presentation can be used. • Please note that the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) is agreed government text and the official point of view of the IPCC. The slides in this presentation reflect this carefully established scientific consensus. While presenting the results of the IPCC Special Report, please stay close to the contents of the report and indicate clearly when you are giving your personal rather than the IPCC view. • The presentation is very long and repetitive. Depending on your audience, please pick and choose from the slides, and modify them where you deem it appropriate, keeping in mind the agreed SPM text. • The notes under the slides contain language from the SPM and the Technical Summary and other explanations for your reference. • With kind regards, • Bert Metz and Ogunlade Davidson, co-chairs WGIII

2. The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Your name Your institute Date, place

3. About IPCC • Founded 1988 by UNEP and WMO • No research, no monitoring, no recommendations • Only assessment of peer-reviewed literature • Authors academic, industrial and NGO experts • Reviews by independent Experts andGovernments • Policy relevant, but NOT policy prescriptive • Full report and technical summary: accepted by governments without change • Summary for policymakers: government approval

4. IPCC SecretariatWMO/UNEP IPCC chair IPCC Bureau Working Group I Science WGI co-chairs Working Group III Mitigation WGIII co-chairs Working Group II Impacts and adaptation WGII co-chairs Task force on National GHG Inventories NGGIP co-chairs Technical Support Unit USA Technical Support Unit Japan Technical Support Unit Netherlands Technical Support Unit UK Experts, Authors, Contributors, Reviewers

5. About this report • Approved by IPCC in September 2005 • Published December 2005 • Written by over 100 authors from 30 countries , all continents • Extensively reviewed by over 200 experts • Presented at UNFCCC COP-11/ Kyoto COP/MOP-1 in Montreal

6. Key issues addressed in this presentation • What is CO2 capture and storage? • How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change? • Maturity of the technology • Sources of CO2 and potential reservoirs • Cost and potential • Health safety and environment risks • Legal and regulatory issues

7. Fuels Processes Storage options CO2 capture and storage system

8. How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change? • Part of a portfolio of mitigation options • Reduce overall mitigation costs by incresing flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions • Application in developing countries important • Energy requirements point of attention

9. Energy requirements • Additional energy use of 10 - 40% (for same output) • Capture efficiency: 85 - 95% • Net CO2 reduction: 80 - 90% • Assuming safe storage

10. Maturity of CCS technology • Research phase means that the basic science is understood, but the technology is currently in the stage of conceptual design or testing at the laboratory or bench scale, and has not been demonstrated in a pilot plant. • Demonstration phase means that the technology has been built and operated at the scale of a pilot plant, but further development is required before the technology is ready for the design and construction of a full-scale system. • Economically feasible under specific conditions means that the technology is well understood and used in selected commercial applications, such as in case of a favourable tax regime or a niche market, processing at least 0.1 MtCO2/yr , with few (less than 5) replications of the technology. • Mature market means that the technology is now in operation with multiple replications of the commercial-scale technology worldwide.

11. Post-combustion Industrial separation Oxyfuel combustion Pre-combustion Transport Mineral carbonation Gas and oil fields Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Enhanced Oil Recovery Ocean storage Saline formations Industrial utilization Economically feasible under specific conditions Mature market Demonstration phase Research phase Maturity of CCS technology

12. Qualifying CO2 sources • Large stationary point sources • High CO2 concentration in the waste, flue gas or by-product stream (purity) • Pressure of CO2 stream • Distance from suitable storage sites

13. Global large stationary CO2 sources withemissions of more than 0.1 MtCO2/year

14. Capture of CO2

15. Capture of CO2 Source: IPCC SRCCS

16. Examples of existing CO2 capture installations (Courtesy of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)

17. Planned and current locations of geological storage

18. Current locations of geological storage

19. Geological storage

20. Ocean storage

21. Mineral carbonation

22. Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO2 (Based on a compilation of publicly available information on global emission sources, IEA GHG 2002)

23. Storage prospectivity Highly prospective sedimentary basins Prospective sedimentary basins Non-prospective sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rock Data quality and availability vary among regions Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Courtesy of Geoscience Australia).

24. Costs Different outcomes: 0.01 - 0.05 US$/kWh 20* - 270 US$/tCO2 avoided (with EOR: 0*– 240 US$/tCO2 avoided) * low-end: capture-ready, low transport cost, revenues from storage: 360 MtCO2/yr Two ways of expressing costs: • Additional electricity costs • Energy policymaking community • CO2 avoidance costs • Climate policymaking community

25. CCS component costs

26. Economic potential

27. Economic potential • Cost reduction of climate change stabilisation: 30% or more • Most scenario studies: role of CCS increases over the course of the century • Substantial application above CO2 price of 25-30 US$/tCO2 • 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until 2100 • 220 - 2,200 GtCO2cumulatively up to 2100, depending on the baseline scenario, stabilisation level (450 - 750 ppmv), cost assumptions

28. Storage potential • Geological storage: likely at least about 2,000 GtCO2 in geological formations "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%. • Ocean storage: on the order of thousands of GtCO2, depending on environmental constraints • Mineral carbonation: can currently not be determined • Industrial uses: Not much net reduction of CO2 emissions

29. Technical and economic potential • “It is likely that the technical potential for geological storage is sufficient to cover the high end of the economic potential range, but for specific regions, this may not be true.” "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%.

30. Health, safety, environment risks • In general: lack of real data, so comparison with current operations • CO2 pipelines: similar to or lower than those posed by hydrocarbon pipelines • Geological storage: • appropriate site selection, a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system, remediation methods to stop or control CO2 releases if they arise: • comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage, EOR, disposal of acid gas)

31. Health, safety, environment risks: potential leakage from geological reservoirs and remediation

32. Health, safety, environment risks: trapping mechanisms for geological storage

33. Health, safety, environment risks • Ocean storage: • pH change • Mortality of ocean organisms • Ecosystem consequences • Chronic effects unknown • Mineral carbonation: • Mining and disposal of resulting products • Some of it may be re-used

34. Ocean Storage 100% 80% 20,000 ppm Impacts • pH change • Mortality of ocean organisms • Ecosystem consequences • Chronic effects unknown 5000 ppm 60% 40% 20% 0% Change population -20% -40% Change of bacteria, nanobenthos and meiobenthos abundace after exposure to 20,000 and 5,000 ppm for 77-375 hrs during experiments carried out at 2000 m depth in NW Pacific -60% -80% -100% <10 mm 10-30 mm Bacteria Nanobenthos Meibenthos

35. Will leakage compromise CCS as a climate change mitigation option? • Fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is • very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and • is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99% • Release of CO2 from ocean storage would be gradual over hundreds of years • Sufficient?

36. What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO2 storage? • Onshore: national regulation • Few legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term CO2 storage liabilities • Offshore: international treaties • OSPAR (regional), London Convention • Ocean storage and sub-seabed geological storage • Unclear whether or under what conditions CO2 injection is compatible with international law

37. Thank youReport published by Cambridge University PressOrder at www.cambridge.orgDocuments available on www.ipcc.chMore information:ipcc3tsu@mnp.nl