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the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal postpartum weight change. A Literature Review Tava Sternberg. Organization of Literature Review. Background Methods Results Characteristics of studies Studies not measuring exclusivity of BF Studies measuring exclusivity of BF
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the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal postpartum weight change A Literature Review Tava Sternberg
Organization of Literature Review • Background • Methods • Results • Characteristics of studies • Studies not measuring exclusivity of BF • Studies measuring exclusivity of BF • Discussion • Conclusion
Important Abbreviations • GWG – Gestational Weight Gain • PP – Post-partum • PPWR – Post-partum weight retention • BF – Breastfeeding
Background: • Obesity is a major public health crisis • Health implications of obesity include heart disease, stoke, type II diabetes and some cancers • Adults aged 25 to 32 have the highest incidence of weight gain • GWG combined with PPWR can lead to obesity • 31.9% of women at the child baring age (20-39) are obese in the U.S.
Background • 75% of women try to breastfeed in the US which meets the Healthy People 2010 goals • Theoretically breastfeeding should promote PP weight loss due to the increased energy cost of lactation • Pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, age, education, parity and income are some of the predictors of PPWR
Purpose This literature review aims to critically access the research that examines the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal postpartum weight retention.
Study Characteristics • 8-Prospective cohort, 3 –Longitudinal, 1- Cross sectional, 1- Phenomenological qualitative, 1- Retrospective, 1-Randomized clinical trial • 5- U.S, 2- India, 2-Mexico, 2- Norway, 2-Brazil, 1-Australia, 1-Ghana, 1-Oman, 1-Finland, 1-Denmark • 10 of the studies carried out multiple weight measuring points • Measuring points ranged from 14 days PP to 3 years PP
DISCUSSION • Associations in these studies depended on time of measurements, BF duration, BF intensity and Pre-preg BMI • Confounding factors varied between studies but the majority adjusted for pre-preg BMI, GWG and parity • In the stronger studies longer duration and exclusivity of BF contributed to lower PPWR • Many of the studies had retrospective recall on infant feeding data • Future research should find reliable ways to assess direct impact of BF on PP weight management and to explore further reasons why not all BF women lose weight
Conclusion: • Breastfeeding is associated with lower postpartum weight retention more often when it is exclusive and in longer durations. While short duration of breastfeeding may induce weight retention, breastfeeding as recommended for at least 6 months could eliminate weight retention by 6 months and for as long as three years postpartum in many women, resulting in reduced obesity. Further studies are needed that include physical activity, energy consumption and cultural factors as contributors to weight retention during breastfeeding.
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