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Pragmatics

Pragmatics. The Vessel into which all other components are placed! A Functionalist Model. Language Review. 1 Definition of Language

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Pragmatics

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  1. Pragmatics The Vessel into which all other components are placed! A Functionalist Model

  2. Language Review • 1 Definition of Language • A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and the combination of those symbols. Bloom and Lahey • 2. Perspectives of language • 1. Components • 2. Discourse • 3. Receptive/Expressive • 3. 4 views of language development • 4. Communication Circle • 5. Language Fan: Form/Content/Use

  3. Components of Language • Pragmatics • Phonology • Semantics • Syntax • Metalinguistics • Emergent Literacy • Central Auditory Processing (CAP)

  4. Pragmatics • Definition: study of the relationship between language and the context that are basic to an account of language understanding • social use of language • It’s about COMMUNICATION

  5. Pragmatic Concepts • Sociolinguistic: Culture & Communication • Development: Begins with Cry- ends with the death sigh • Theorists • 1. Dore 2. Halliday • 3. Roth & Spekman 4. Prutting • 5. Fey 6. Others

  6. Pragmatics=Intentionality • Speech Act and Development of Intentionality • Perlocutionary • Illocutionary (INTENTIONALITY) @ 6 months • Locutionary (First Words

  7. Development of Intentionality • Perlocutionary-Caregiver assigns intentions to infant’s cry, smiles, vocalizations, gestures • Illocutionary-Infant begins to initiate INTENTIONALITY through cry differentiation, smiles, gestures • Locutionary-Modality specific: Verbal Language or Gestures (sign language) • It’s a PIL, • what’s a ILP, a LIP?

  8. Theorists: DorePrag 3 • Studied younger children developing language • Taxonomy appropriate for language below MLU of 3 or through telegraphic speech • Taxonomy (p. 242)

  9. Pragmatics: HallidayPrag. 4 • Halliday’s perspective: Language is used to interact with others, regulate their behavior and to fulfill speaker’s needs by having a listener/s respond appropriately • Taxonomy Use: older children who are verbal because it is multi-word taxonomy • Taxonomy • similar to Dore’s except for Heuristic

  10. Dore Label Repeat Answer Request Action Request Answer Calling Protesting Practice Halliday Personal(that’interesting, self-talk) Imitating Informative(got something to tell you) Regulatory(do as I tell you) Interactional (initiation) Personal(withdrawal) Instrumental (I want) Imaginative (let’s pretend) Heiristic (why?) Dore/Halliday Comparison

  11. Halliday’s Taxonony • Halliday observed Broad pragmatic functions instead of individual utterance functions as observed by Dore BUT considerable similarity • Emergence of Speech • initially speech emerges to accompany action, not to convey information • attention is restricted to a single object and action associated with it • notes object relations or comments on the event (recurrence)

  12. Halliday’s Taxonomy, #2 • Separated into 3 PHASES • Phase I • ages 9 months to 17 months • initially speech emerges to accompany action, not to convey information • communicative functions • instrumental • regulatory • interactional • personal

  13. Halliday’s Taxonomy #3 • Phase II • characterized by a generalization of the previous functions into new broader functions and by the disappearance of isomorphic forms • two broad functions emerge • mathetic general learning functions • includes the Personal and Heuristic • pragmatic involves needs satisfaction and control • includes Instrumental and Regulatory functions • at two-word level, child begins to use structure independent of function • in general: Old Forms (constructions)-New Ideas New Forms (generalization) - Old ideas

  14. Halliday’sTaxonomy#4 • Phase III • child attains adult-like functions • attained by age 2 • ability to combine several language functions within a single utterance • -use of a lexicogrammatical (semantic/syntactic) system makes in possible to fulfill (perlocutionary) all necessary functions in a discourse simultaneously • ex: mommy, cookie hot -interactional, description, inferential requesting

  15. Pragmatics: Roth & Spekman prag. 4 • Taxonomy use: more comprehensive • Taxonomy: • Triangle with points of • Communication Intention • Presupposition • Organization of Discourse CI P OD

  16. Communication Intention • Communication Intention • Divided into Range and Form • Range • Preverbal • Holophrases • Multi-Word • Form • Gestural • Gestural + Vocalization • Verbal/ Sign Language

  17. Communication Intention for Roth and Spekman PREVERBAL prag #5 • Preverbal Intentions • Attention Seeking to self • Attention seeking to events, others, • Requesting • objects • Actions • Information • Protesting/Rejecting • Responding/Acknowledging • Informing • Greeting (social)

  18. Communication Intentions for Roth and SpekmanHolophrases #7 • Holophrases • Naming • Commenting • Request Objects • Present • Absent • Requesting Information • Responding • Protesting/Rejecting • Greetings

  19. Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman Multi-Word #8 • Multiword • Requesting Information • Requesting Action • Responding to Requests • Stating or Commenting • Regulating Conversational Behavior • Other Performatives such as teasing, warning sarcasm, humor, metaphors, etc (metalinguistics)

  20. Performatives teasing warning sarcasm humor metaphors Examples Matrix Example

  21. Presupposition for Roth and Spekman • Principle of Informativeness • Three Aspects • 1. Topic • New/Old Information • Needs of listener • 2. Listener • Conversational participants • Type of language (register) • 3. Cohesive Devices • Anaphoric reference -use of pronouns • Ellipsis • Conjunctions • Deictic terms (empty pronouns) this, that, these, those

  22. Organization of Discourse • 5 Aspects • 1. Conversational Initiation • 2. Turn Taking • conversational speaking time • 3. Staying on Topic OR Conversational Maintenance • 4. Conversational Repairs • 5. Topic Termination

  23. Conversational Repairs • Linguistic Structure • phonologic poon--spoon • morphologic he sleep--sleeps • syntactic cats--big cats • Linguistic Content • repetition • confirmation • elaboration • Extralinguistic • pitch change • stress • demonstration

  24. Organization of Discourse Form Range items Presupposiiton -listener - topic Organization of Discourse conversation initiation turn taking eye contact conversation repair conversation termination Examples verbal dyad familiar: initiated by conv. Part example part. Made eye contact lasting about __second repair example Pragmatics’ Assignment Example

  25. Organization of Discourse Form Range items Presupposiiton -listener - topic Organization of Discourse conversation initiation turn taking eye contact conversation repair conversation termination Examples Taxonomy GRID

  26. Communication Intentions RANGE Used Examples Social Informing/Commenting Regulating Conversational Behavior Negating/Protesting Requesting Info Requesting Action Responding to Request Heuristic

  27. Intentions Used Examples Social Informing/Commenting Regulating Conversational Behavior Negating/Protesting Requesting Info Requesting Action Responding to Request Heuristic Presupposition Used Examples New/Old Information Conversational Participants Register Anaphoric reference Ellipsis Conjunctions Deictic terms Organization Of Discourse Used Examples Initiation/Conservation Conversation Maintenance Turn Taking Repair Termination Intentions Presupposition Organization of Discourse

  28. Organization Of Discourse Used Examples Initiation/Conservation Conversation Maintenance Turn Taking Repair (EXPAND) Termination

  29. Prutting’s Pragmatic Taxonomy • Includes all of Roth and Spekman’s • Communication Intention • Presupposition • Organization of Discourse • ADDS: Proxemics • ) CI OD P PROX

  30. Proxemic’s Importance • “The eyes of men converse as much as their tongues, with the advantage that the ocular dialect needs no dictionary, but is understood the world over,” Ralph Waldo Emerson • Skills • Nonlinguistic elements • distance from a speaker, • gaze • touch • Paralinguistic elements (fluency, rate, intonation)

  31. Fey’s Taxonomy • Assertive/ Responsive Matrix • Definitions • Conversational Assertiveness • Definition: ability and/or willingness to take a conversational turn when none has been sloicited by a partner. • Responsiveness- • Definition: ability to comply with the speaker’s range of intent. • Matrix

  32. Fey’s Taxonomy: Assessment/ Intervention Implications • For Assessment: In a PBA determining the child’s ability in both areas. • For intervention: Using a communication modality that encourages both. Usually SLI children are better at being “Responsive” than “Assertive.” • Reason: therapy usually reinforces Responsiveness. • Ex. Question/Answer

  33. Pragmatics’ Questions • 1. Define pragmatics. • 2. How is pragmatics ‘tied to’ the 4 views of language development? • 3. What is the Speech Act progression of pragmatic development • 4. Why is pragmatics ‘central’ to language? • 5. Explain Dore’s taxonomy • 6. Explain Halliday’s taxonomy • 7. Explain Roth & Spekman’s taxonomy • 8. Explain Prutting’s taxonomy • 9. Explain Fey’s taxonomy • 10. What is the purpose of knowing these taxonomies?

  34. End of Lecture Notes

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