World War II

1. World War II

2. The Interwar Period 1919-1929 • Independent Internationalism – increased trade, investment –thus involvement – but w/ Am. Interests and unilaterialism • World order is too fragile to deal w/ crises of 30s w/o AM • Twenties • Pacifism • Nye Committee • Ludlow Amendment • Diplomacy • 1921 Washington Naval Conference • Dawes Plan • 1928 Kellogg Briand Treaty

3. Thirties Diplomacy • Europe –Retreat • Ends Dawes Plan – more economic fragility • High tariffs • Ignores Fascist militarism • Recognizes the USSR • Asia – Rivalry • J invades Manchuria – Stimson Doctine • J controls China – Panay Incident • Latin America – Reform • Clark Memorandum – repeals Roosevelt Corollary • Good Neighbor Policy – collective security in region • Reciprocity treaties (tariffs) – Pan Americanism • But support dictators for stability

4. Neutrality Acts • Reflects American isolationism and fear of being dragged into war • Neutrality Act 1935 –no arms shipments – no travel by Americans on belligerent ships • Neutrality Act 1936 –no loans or credit to belligerants • Neutrality Act 1937 – no arms to either belligerent in Spanish Civil War • 1938 – Europe Appeasement – W. democracies fear war – US/USSR not present

5. Preparedness • America First Committee – Lindbergh • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies – White Committee • Most Americans are isolationist – thus FDR must “move” the attitude of the people to understand implications of non-involvement and involvement • Two Visions of the World • Totalitarianism – fascism/communism • Democracy – capitalism

6. The Process 1937-1941 • 1937 Quarantine Speech – J invades China • 1939 Neutrality Act – “cash & carry” - way to aid the allies - US = “arsenal of democracy” • 1940 national Defense Act – selective service & increase $ for defense • September 1940 – “destroyers for bases” agreement – US can defend N Atlantic • March 1941 – Lend Lease Act – can get materiel to Allies on credit – defend allies/defend America • July 1941 – “Shoot on Sight” undeclared war N Atlantic ; J. assets frozen – oil/steel embargo • December 1941 – Pearl Harbor – War is declared on J – Germany declares war on US

11. European Front • Europe First • Marshall – Eisenhower • 1942 – two objectives • Overcoming German subs in N Atlantic • Air raids – strategic bombing German cities

12. Turning Points • El Alamein – control N Africa • Stalingrad – winter of ’42-’43 • D-Day June 1944 • Battle of the Bulge – winter “44-’45 • Hitler suicides April 1945 • Unconditional surrender May 7, 1945

13. Pacific Front • Holding action • Nimitz – MacArthur • Turning points • Coral Sea – May 1942 • Midway -June 1942 • Guadacanal – August 1942 • Leyte Gulf – October 1944 • Island Hopping

14. GI

15. US Bombers

17. Bill Mauldin – GI LifeWillie and Joe

18. Iwo Jima: Mt Suribachi - Rosenthal

19. Future Presidents

20. WWII Memorial 2004

21. Manhattan Project • Oppenheimer • Test July 1945 • Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 • Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 • Unconditional surrender – September 3, 1945

22. Nuclear Age Begins

23. Victory

24. Home Front Massive Social Change War and Depression changed the social fabric of the nation

25. Economic • Ends the depression and unemployment • Male unemployment ended 1943 • Financed by • Bonds • Taxes • Withholding tax

26. Economic: Mobilization • War Production Board - Nelson • Office of Economic Stabilization • Rationing • Control prices and wages • No anti trust suits • National War Labor Board • No strikes – Lewis tests • A. Philip Randolph

27. Randolph

28. Economic: Research • National Defense Research Committee • Manhattan Project • Radar, jet engines, sonar, bomb sights, pressurized cabins • Use of plastics (DuPont) • Drugs, penicillin • DDT and pesticides

29. Economic: Impact • Income and opportunity • Change in distribution of wealth • Basis of post war prosperity – a boom • Cooperation government and business • Union as power broker • Increase presence of federal government in people’s lives through its central role in the economy

30. “For most Americans, despite anger at the OPA and the income tax, the war meant the end of the Depression.”

32. Mobilization: Patriotism • Office of War Information • Duty, sacrifice, unity, morale • Radio – 4.5 hr/day • Movies – patriotic themes • Music • USO

34. Ration Books

36. Patriotic Hollywood

38. Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy

39. Social Impact • Demographic shift - migration • West – CA transformed • Urban areas

40. Women • “Rosie the Riveter” – defense work • heavy industry • Married, older, children • Gender and race discrimination – wages and work • Women in the military • Post war feminism and women’s rights – daughters of Rosie

45. Families • Marriages & births “good bye babies” • Juvenile crime • Working teenagers • Latch key kids – no child care

46. African Americans • 1.5 million north & west • 504,000 – military – segregated units • Double Victory • A. Philip Randolph – FEPC (EO 8802) • Race Riots • CORE formed; NAACP members • Smith v Allright 1944

47. Double V

48. Seeking opportunity

49. Segregated units