French-English Relations

1. SS 11 French-English Relations

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwYi23vvN8c&feature=related

3. Quebec: From Nationalism to Separation

4. Learning Outcome To assess the impact of Quebec Nationalism on Canadian Unity

5. What events have caused a Francophone/Anglophone division in Canada?

6. The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

7. The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

8. The Roots of Quebec Nationalism • The Quiet Revolution was a period of tremendous change in Quebec • In the 60s, Quebec’s desire to control its own affairs, separate from the rest of Canada intensified • The 70s gave rise to a violent separatist movement in Quebec (Front de Liberation du Quebec~FLQ)—some Quebeckers, impatient for change, resorted to terrorists acts in an effort to bring about a Quebec separation from Canada

9. The Roots of Quebec Nationalism • Underlying all these events was the belief by many in Quebec that theirs was a unique province, an island apart from English Canada. • Quebec nationalism and the rise of the separatist movement have dominated Quebec’s relations with the federal government and the rest of Canada for decades • The Quebec issue remains unsolved to this day.

10. Read “Duplessis Era” p. 191 What are the key points of this section that highlight the promotion of Quebec Nationalism under Duplessis leadership? • Introduced the new flag (fleur-de-lis) for Quebec • He fiercely opposed the growing powers of the federal government • The Roman Catholic Church urged Quebeckers to turn their backs on English-speaking ways • The Church also ran the whole school system, educating Quebeckers in French ways and beliefs.

11. Duplesis Era • Quebec Premier MaruriceDuplessis • Leader: Union Nationale • 1936-39, 1944 – 1959 • QUEBEC NATIONALIST! • Roman Catholic Church – Huge influence on Quebec at this time • Encouraged Business – but businesses expected to give “kickbacks” to Union Nationale Party – eg Corruption

12. Premier Lesage Read: “Quiet Revolution” p 192 from text What events caused a Francophone/Anglophone division in Canada?

13. Premier Lesage Quiet Revolution – A time for change in Quebec Lesage stamped out corruption of Duplessis Era Wages and Pensions were raised Quebec Government took over education and health care from Roman Catholic Church Restrictions on Trade Unions Removed

14. Quick Write Out of the events contributing to Quebec’s Nationalism, which had the greatest division of Canada?

15. Modernization of QuebecMid 1960’s • Quebec modernizes economy, politics, education and culture • Students Required to take more Science and Technology

16. Masters in Our Own House! • Goal • To strengthen Quebec’s control on its own economy • Government “nationalized” (Bought out) hydro-electric companies creating a large provincial monopoly on power.

17. PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau

18. FLQ Front de Liberation du Quebec A Left-Wing, Nationalist and Socialist Para-Military Group in Quebec (wikipedia) Known outside of Quebec as Terrorists They would blow up Canadian Federal Symbols and also kidnap and kill people..

19. FLQ Fire Bombs1963 - 1970 March 1963 – 3 Canadian Army Buildings in Montreal Firebombed

20. Many Federal Canadian Symbols were still very British..

21. Current Post Box

22. Montreal Expo Most successful World’s Fair of the 20th Century- 50 Million Visitors! Celebrated Canada’s 100th Birthday

23. Expo 67 Charles De Gaulle Visiting French President De Gaulle makes the following statement at Canada’s 100th Birthday Celebration «Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!«  Translation - Long Live Montreal, Long Live Quebec, Long Live QuebecLiberation… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaZFvfdietk

24. Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (mid 1960’s) Lester Pearson – Believed Canada would split up if French Canadiens were not made to feel accepted in Canada. Bi and Bi commission recommends Canada become officially bilingual and Pearson supports this.

25. Evolution of Canada’s Flag Britain’s Union Jack Canadian Flag 1868 - 1921 Canada’s Red Ensign 1957 - 1965 Canada’s Flag 1951 - 1957

26. Evolution of Canada’s Flag Recommended 1946 Pearson’s Favourite “The Pearson Pennant” 1964 Version of Canadian Flag Current Flag 1965 – Present

27. Pierre Elliott Trudeau PM Trudeau (Liberal) passed the Official Languages Act – all Federal Government agencies required to provide services in both English and French Trudeau did not want special status for Quebec

28. Official Languages Act (1969) Canada becomes officially a bilingual country!

29. May 7, 1977 Trudeau spins a pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.

30. October Crisis 1970 (FLQ) • October 5, 1970 – The FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross. The FLQ are demanding release of FLQ “political” prisoners. • October 10, 1970 – The FLQ kidnapped Quebec provincial Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte.

31. War Measures Act Trudeau imposed the War Measures Act to deal with the FLQ crisis. Suspension of Civil Rights – detention without charges is enabled. Canadian troops sent to patrol the streets in Ottawa and Montreal.

32. Trudeau “Just Watch Me...” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7_a2wa2dd4

33. FLQ Murder Laporte Laporte was strangled and stuffed into the trunk of a car James Cross (British Diplomat) was released by the FLQ in return for safe passage to Cuba.

35. Multiculturalism Policy (1971) Trudeau introduces official Canadian multiculturalism Policy. This policy encourages groups to express their cultures. Intended to promote unity and prevent racism.

36. Parti QuebecoisSeparatist Provincial Party 1976 – PQ wins Quebec Election and Rene Levesque (leader) promises a referendum on Quebec sovereignty PQ – Ultimate Goal is Quebec Separation

37. Parti QuebecoisSeparatist Provincial Party Levesque fights for separation from the rest of Canada as French are dissatisfied with its place in English dominated Canada After taking power in Quebec in 1976, the Parti Quebecois passed Bill 101, the Charter of the French Language...What did the Charter do?

38. Bill 101 • Bill 101 – Charter of the French Language in Quebec • All government business must be in French • All outdoor signs must be in French • Children of Immigrants required to learn French

39. Quebec Referendum* 1980 *A referendum is a vote on a single political issue. The Parti Quebecois had voters in Quebec vote to leave Canada… or did they? The PQ had the referendum question worded as to whether or not Quebec should enter into a Sovereignty Association with Canada.. *Nobody knew what this meant – Was it Quebec independence or not? ‘non’ to sovereignty 40 % Said yes to Sovereignty Association 60% Said No

41. Start of Patriation of Constitution (1980) Canada’s constitution was called the BNA Act (British North America) and was located in London, England. Trudeau wanted to bring the Constitution home so that Canadians could change it – eg. Add the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Quebec was worried about this because Bill 101 would probably not be allowed if people had rights and freedoms...

42. Kitchen Compromise November 4, 1981 National Conference Centre – Sask and Ontario and Jean Chretien hammer out a deal in the middle of the night to repatriate constitution and have a charter of rights and freedoms. 9/10 Premiers are “awakened” to sign the deal. (They let Quebec’s Premier Levesque sleep in...) “notwithstanding clause was added so that any province could create laws that would override the Charter of Rights and Freedoms if they wanted to…” Amending Formula was also added 7/10 provinces with 50% of the population of Canada could change the constitution

43. Constitution Act 1982 April 17, 1982 Queen Elizabeth signs the Canadian Constitution Act – Finally Canada is truly Autonomous from Britain.

44. Quebec Refuses to Sign the Canadian Constitution. Quebec felt betrayed... Flags across Quebec fly at Half Mast..

45. The Constitutional Debate Trudeau finally convinced nine out of 10 provinces to accept a new Constitution with a built-in Charter of Rights and Freedoms The next step was to try to convince Quebec to accept the Constitution as well. Two attempts were made…Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord Unfortunately, both attempts failed, creating more bitterness in Quebec and the West

46. Brian Mulroney Becomes Conservative Prime Minister Mulroney wants Quebec to sign the Constitution – Biggest Mistake of his career

47. Meech Lake Accord, 1987 KEY PROVISIONS: Mulroney proposes amendments to the Constitution to recognize Quebec as a “Distinct Society” and to give all provinces veto* power over constitutional change.. *Veto= the power to say no (Remember the 7/10 50% Amending Formula

48. Meech Lake Accord, 1987 Three Key Terms of the Accord: Quebec would be recognized as a distinct society Aborignial people would have the right to self-government Every province would be given the same number of elected Senators

49. Death of Meech Lake, 1990 • Manitoba and Newfoundland withdraw support for Meech Lake Accord. • Elijah Harper – stops the Manitoba legislature holding an eagle feather and he stalls the Manitoba legislature from ratifying Meech Lake. • If the First Nations are not distinct – neither is Quebec..

50. Sign Law 1988 Supreme Court of Canada rules in 1988 that Quebec’s French only sign law is unconstitutional... The Supreme Court also said that any signs using English must have French also and that it must be twice as big as the English... Not a Santa Convention