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Objectives

Objectives. Evaluate the 5 Characteristics of Absolutism Define Divine Right. THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM (1550-1800). Elizabeth. Phillip II. Louis XIV. Peter the Great. BASIC BELIEFS. One ruler/one monarch should hold all the power within a country Monarch is chosen by divine right

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Objectives

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  1. Objectives • Evaluate the 5 Characteristics of Absolutism • Define Divine Right

  2. THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM(1550-1800) Elizabeth Phillip II Louis XIV Peter the Great

  3. BASIC BELIEFS • One ruler/one monarch should hold all the power within a country • Monarch is chosen by divine right • God Selects him to be king, his representative on Earth • Took place in: Spain, France, Prussia, Russia, Austria

  4. PleaseExcuseMySisterCatherine

  5. Political • Ruler holds unlimited power • Individuals are subjects • Owe loyalty & obedience

  6. Economic • Encourage Industry & Trade • Strengthen country • Taxes

  7. Military • Strong Powerful Army • Deals w/conflicts • Puts down unrest • Conquers new territory • Paid for by taxes

  8. Social • Ruler dominates upper classes • Upper classes dominate lower classes • Ceremonies to celebrate power

  9. Cultural • Ruler dominates culture • Promotes Art (patron) • Censors it

  10. Phillip II of Spain

  11. Rise to Power • Son of Charles V • Charles splits Holy Roman Empire • Phillip II gets Spain • Defends Catholicism

  12. At Empires Peak • Taking new land • Portugal • Receiving gold from Americas • Large Army • 50,000 Soldiers • Prosperous Nation

  13. Political: Eng. defeats the Armada Less able successors after Philip II Economic: Middle class was taxed Nobles don’t pay taxes Inflation Rising pop. Declining silver value Other Countries Buy from other countries Money goes elsewhere Goods Expensive Owe money Empire WeakensDecline: Pol. & Econ

  14. Reformation causes trouble • Dutch Revolt • Why • Raises Taxes • Crush Protestantism • Revolt • 11yrs of fighting • Declare Independence Expulsion of Muslims and Jews = deprived econ of many skilled artisans & merchants

  15. Louis XIII • King age 9 • Appointed Cardinal Richelieu to help rule • Richelieu becomes real ruler • 2 goals • Increase power of monarchy • Make France strongest country in Europe • Rulers became Absolute • Total control over church & state • Both die in 1642-43

  16. Louis XIVThe Sun King Why is Louis called “The Sun King”? He was an absolute monarch, as expressed in the famous quote attributed to him, "L'etat c'est moi" (I am the state). Identifying himself with Apollo, the Greek god of the sun, Louis XIV came to be called "the Sun King."

  17. Louis XIV’s Childhood • Louis king age 5 • Cardinal Jules Mazarin • Ruled for Louis while a child • Harsh ruler • Mazarin upset many nobles • Revolted: Fronde • almost killed the king

  18. Louis’s Rule • Age 23, Mazarin died, Louis king • Louis lived in grand style • 500 servants • Loved food, merrymaking, art & theater • Versailles • one of most impressive places ever • located outside of Paris • Center of Fr. Gov’t • Nobles lived w/king at Versailles

  19. Louis XIV Economic Policy • Appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert - Minister of Finance • Believed in Mercantilism: • Est. of colonies to supply materials & markets & relieve dependence on other nations • Encouraging manufacturing, export > import

  20. Colbert tried to improve econ • Gave $$ to Fr. companies • Placed high tariff (tax on imports) to protect Fr. companies • Encouraged ppl to move to colonies • Improved transportation in Fr.

  21. Colbert tried to improve econ • Edict of Nantes: • Encouraged skilled workers to settle in Fr. • Especially Huguenots (Fr. Protestants) • 1683 Louis revokes Edict of Nantes (religious freedom) • Huguenots flee

  22. Louis’ Wars: to gain • France • Europe’s largest country • 4x as many ppl as any other country • Army: 400,000 men • For 30 yrs Louis tried to expand into Netherlands & Germany - FAILED • No 1 country could beat Fr., smaller countries joined together to stop them • This is known as Balance of Power

  23. Louis’s Wars: against • War of Spanish Succession • King of Spain died, no heir & gave throne to Louis’s grandson • Smaller countries that had allied against Fr. were scared of a Fr./Spain Alliance • Balance of Power tips • Several of these countries attacked Fr. & Spain

  24. Treaty of Utrecht • Louis grandson gets to stay on the Spanish throne • Fr. gets Alsace • Eng. gets Gibraltar, & some of Fr.’s colonies • Austria gets part of the Netherlands • New balance of power • Eng., Austria, Netherlands • Fr. & Spain

  25. Louis is out • Great Grandson, Louis XV takes over • XIV tells XV: • “try to be at peace with your neighbors and try to comfort your people, which unhappily, I have not done.” • Why does XIV say this?

  26. Objectives • Examine Russia’s isolation from W.ern Europe • Discuss Peter’s goals for Russia

  27. Russia before Peter • Serfdom (just like Feudalism) • Unlike W.ern Europe Russia still has • Ruled by Boyars • Nobles

  28. Russia before Peter • Isolated • Russia part of EOC • not RC • Russia ruled by the Mongols • cut off from Europe • Only seaport was Archangel SOCHI

  29. Peter the man • Large man 6’8’’ • 1st part reign • Traveled W.ern Europe • In disguise • Had 2 major goals for Russia • Modernize Russia • Get warm H2O seaport

  30. Peter increases his power • Became head of Russ. Church • What other King that we learned about was head of his countries church? • Decreased Boyars power • not appoint them to high offices in gov’t. • Created full-time standing army • modeled after European countries • Greatly increased taxes

  31. Peter modernizes Russia“Westernized” • Why is each one of these important? Analysis! • Increased status of Women • Allowed women to be seen in public w/o veils • Changed calendar • Got rid of Russ calendar & adopted Julian calendar • Advanced educ • School for arts & sciences • navigation

  32. Peter modernizes Russia • Brought potatoes from western Europe • Brought back ideas of Mercantilism • Created 1st Russian Newspaper • Changed the culture as well • Made men shave their beards & wear shorter coats

  33. Expansion for a warm water port • 1st attempt didn’t go so well. • 2nd attempt: Get access to Baltic Sea • Problem: owned by Swedes • Solution: attack them & take it • Outcome: Russ win = a piece of land on Baltic Sea • Drained the swamp at the mouth of the Neva River • built the town of St. Petersburg

  34. Magna Carta - 1215 • King John I • Forced to accept. • List of demands made by nobility. • limited power of king: • Est. basic legal rights. • King must ask for consent to tax. • Accused must have jury trial.

  35. Model Parliament, 1295 • King Edward I • Created Parliament • Of military leaders & nobility (whose not included?) • Ask their consent for new taxes • Est. idea: “power of the purse”. • Radical new idea - any monarch to ask for anything!

  36. The Elizabethan “Bargain” Parliament: • Would have the power to tax. The Monarch: • Had the royal power on foreign policy.

  37. TheEarly Stuart Kings (1603-1649)

  38. The Stuart Monarchy

  39. King James VI of Scotland Becomes James I of England Fights with Parliament Power money Puritans James I speech to the House of Commons: I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of! James Stuart – 1600s

  40. James I: Problems • Believed: Divine Right of Kings. • Parliament used to, Tudors sharing power w/ Parliament • Argue over $ • Defended Anglican church • Many landowners became Puritans. • Puritans formed the House of Commons in Parliament • NOT WISE to alienate them!

  41. Charles I & Parliament Son of James I • Constantly at war w/Spain & Fr. • Always need $, but how to get it?? • Usually Parliament would give Charles $ • Sometimes, Parliament denied funds. • Charles dissolved Parliament • finds funds in other ways. • Forced “loans,” selling titles, putting soldiers in homes etc.

  42. The Petition of Rights, 1628 • In return for money to fund wars, Charles I agreed: • No imprisonment w/o cause. • No taxation w/o Parliament’s consent. • No putting soldiers in private homes. • No martial law during peacetime. • Charles signed it

  43. After Petition is signed • Charles ignores it • Dissolves Parliament again (for 20 yrs) • Needs $ for a rebellion in Scotland • calls Parliament again • pass new laws- limit king’s power • Charles tries to arrest members • Unsuccessful • Heads N. to form army • Leads to ……

  44. The Civil War (1642-1649)

  45. Civil War Royalists(Cavaliers) Parliament(Roundheads) • Aristocracy • Loyal to king • Large landowners • Church officials (Anglican) • Townspeople • Support parliament • Oliver Cromwell • Merchants • Puritans

  46. Oliver Cromwell • Officer of the Roundheads army • New Model Army. • defeated royal forces • now controlled gov’t. • Cromwell purges House of Commons • anyone who isn’t anti-monarchy • Beheaded Charles I • Created a constitution

  47. Cromwell: Protector or King? • Cromwell tears up the ineffective Constitution. • Dismisses Parliament • Rules w/military. • Declares martial law. • Military dictator. • Religious tolerance for all • except Catholics • Crushes Scottish rebellion • Crushes rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland • kills 40% of all Irish!

  48. Cromwell- the end?? • Eng. longs for an end to martial law! • Harsh rule • Puritan so: • No theatre, music, etc. • Cromwell dies • son Richard, takes over • weak & lasts only 2 yrs. • Eng. wants their king back!!!!!!!

  49. King Charles II • Charles II back • Charm, poise, & political skills [unlike father!]. • Reopened - theaters & pubs closed during Restoration. • Restored - Church of England • Favored religious toleration. • Had secret Catholic sympathies.

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