Gender and the Millenium Development Goals in Latin America Relevance and Implications

1. Gender and the Millenium Development Goals in Latin AmericaRelevance and Implications Mayra Buvinic Chief, Social Programs Division Inter-American Development Bank November 2003

2. The state of affairs: the MDGs in Latin America (UNDP) • Poverty, gender and exclusion • The missing indicator

3. LA has met the gender equality MDG and is close to meeting the primary schooling MDG Primary Education Gender Equality 100 100 95 90 50 85 0 80 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1992 1998 2004 2010

4. but is way behind schedule in meeting thepoverty reduction MDG Poverty 40 35 30 25 20 15 1990 1999 2015

5. How come? 1. averages mask distributional issues 2. problems with quality of data 3. problems with the textual goal if not adapted and “calibrated”

6. LA is the most unequal region in the world Income Inequality in World Regions 0.60 0.51 0.50 0.46 0.38 0.37 0.40 0.34 0.33 0.29 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Eastern Developed Rest of South East Middle Africa Latin Europe Asia Asia East America

7. Guatemala: schooling attendance (%-1998) 1 Hombre, no indígena 0.9 Hombre, indígena 0.8 Mujer, no indígena 0.7 Mujer, indígena 0.6 Share attending school 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age Fuente: S. Duryea, "Measuring Social Exclusion”. Research Department, IDB, 2001. which means that in schooling while the average girl does best, indigenous girls do worst

8. and their earnings are lowest, despite same schooling Differences in returns to secondary (indigenous and non indigenous women) 0 -0.005 -0.01 -0.015 -0.02 -0.025 -0.03 -0.035 Peru Brazil Bolivia Guatemala Source: S. Duryea, "Measuring Social Exclusion", Research Department, IDB, 2001.

9. the quality of data for many indicators is very poor MMRs (1990-2000) Source: Medici (2003).

10. regional inequalities in MMRs MMRs in Argentina by regions (2002) 197 159 43 9 Source: Medici (2003).

11. In LA gender inequality emerges later in life cycle Unemployment by gender (urban areas, 15-24 years old) 7 countries Source: IPES, 2003.

12. 25 gender deepens poverty household poverty per capita by gender (urban) 1999 Source: IDB Poverty Strategy.

13. Poverty level (% of population earning $2 per day) Guatemala Total Indigenous Non-indigenous Total Pretos-Pardos Brazil White Total Bolivia Indigenous Non-indigenous Total Peru Indigenous Non-indigenous 0 20 40 60 80 100 and it interacts with race and ethnicity

14. 1 SD from median all children 0.58 children of poor households 0.52 0.5 0.34 0.09 -0.03 -0.31 0 -0.5 mother was adolescent at birth mother contributes income mother has 10-11 years of schooling gender is key for poverty reduction low income women’s schooling and earnings break ITP Height for age Source: M. Buvinic. ¨The Costs of Adolescent Childbearing: Evidence from Chile, Barbados, Guatemala and Mexico¨, Studies in Family Planning Vol. 29, Nº 2 June 1998

15. the missing variable for attaining most goals is reproductive health: Source: Brazilian National DST and AIDS program

16. Key messages: • indicators need disaggregation (income, gender, race, ethnicity) • goals have to be adapted, “calibrated” • social exclusion and gender: analytical dimensions to understand poverty in LA

17. With these considerations, MDGs can become powerful instruments for gender and social equality in LA