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2013.

Department of Computing and Automation, Faculty of Technical Sciences. Chair of Informatics. 2013. Artificial intelligence. Đorđe Obradović, Marko Joci ć. Agenda. What is AI? History of AI Problems of AI Applications or uses of AI. What is Artificial intelligence?.

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2013.

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  1. Department of Computing and Automation, Faculty of Technical Sciences Chair of Informatics

    2013.

    Artificial intelligence Đorđe Obradović, Marko Jocić
  2. Agenda What is AI? History of AI Problems of AI Applications or uses of AI
  3. What is Artificial intelligence? The branch of computer science Problem solving The ability of a computer or other machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence The study and design of Intelligent Agent
  4. What is Artificial intelligence? 1956. John Mc Carty, MIT The science and engineering of making intelligent machine especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence.
  5. What is Artificial intelligence? The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. or A system that makes it possible for a machine to perform functions similar to human intelligence.
  6. History of AI 1956. Term Artificial Intelligence introduced Computer were solving word problem in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English. In the early 80s AI research was received by the commercial success of Expert System. In the 90s and early 21st century: AI achieved its greatest success.
  7. History of AI (90s and beyond) 1997. Deep Blue – chess-playing computer beats reigning world champion Garry Kasparov Kasparov demanded a rematch because he thought the computer was cheating  Deep Blue could evaluate 200 million positions per second Today’s Intel Core 2 Duo CPU is capable of evaluating 8 million positions
  8. History of AI (90s and beyond) 2005. Stanford robot – driving autonomously for 131 miles along an unrehearsed desert trail 2010. Google driverless car – driving in cities, and also racing on test courses. No accidents so far! 2011 – present - self-driven cars legalized in some states of USA
  9. History of AI (90s and beyond) 2011. Watson – IBM’s question answering machine defeated two greatest champions of Jeopardy! quiz capable of answering questions posed in natural language 200 millions pages of data (4 TB of disk storage) received prize of $1 million for victory 
  10. Problems of AI The problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems.
  11. Problems of AI Deduction, reasoning, problem solving Early AI researches developed Algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that human beings use when they solve puzzles, play board games or make logical deductions.
  12. Problems of AI Knowledge Representation Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world.
  13. Problems of AI Planning Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They need a way to visualize the future and be able to make choices that maximaze the utility (or “value”) of the available choices.
  14. Problems of AI Learning – Machine learning The mathematical analysis of the machine learning algorithms and their performance is branch of theoretical computer science known ascomputational learning theory
  15. Problems of AI Natural language processing Natural language processing gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages that human beings speak.
  16. Problems of AI Motion and manipulation The field of robotics is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub problems of localization (knowing where you are), mapping (learning what is around you) and motion planning (figuring out how to get there)
  17. Problems of AI Perception Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sonar and others more exotic) to deduce aspects of the world.
  18. How it works? How human beings performs intelligence tasks? Is it possible to use those abilities in computer programs? How?
  19. Motivation Try to solve this equations FAST without using calculator:
  20. Motivation If the car traveling at the speed of 61.34 km/h, for how many minutes will exceed 29.56 km?
  21. Motivation Do we use some shortcuts? For example..
  22. Motivation Or
  23. Motivation Do we use some shortcuts? For example.. If the car traveling at the speed of 61.34 km/h, for how many minutes will exceed 29.56 km? 61.34 km/h is approximately 60 km/h, which is about 1 km/min. So it means that we will need about half an hour to arrive at the destination of 29.56 km.
  24. Motivation If we can use such shortcuts, how we can use them in computer programs? In the real applications length of 16cm is almost same as 16.01cm If we insist on accuracy sometimes our program cam make wrong conclusion.
  25. Motivation Example 1 (5,5) p1 (1,4) Intersection p1 and p2 (1,1) (5,1) p2
  26. Motivation Example 1 (5,5) p1 PostGIS 8.4.4 functions: contains, intersection (1,4) contains( intersection( st_geomfromewkt('LINESTRING(1 1, 5 5)'), st_geomfromewkt('LINESTRING(1 4, 5 1)') ), st_geomfromewkt('LINESTRING(1 4, 5 1)') ) (1,1) (5,1) p2
  27. Motivation What is the date? How many triangles are shown on the picture. Is this a car or house?
  28. Motivation Arrange geometric shapes to occupy the smallest area. Allowed operations are move and rotate
  29. Motivation Which artist is most often appears on the list. How many times?
  30. Motivation Find 5 differences
  31. Motivation What is shown on the figure?
  32. Motivation How many persons are shown on the picture?
  33. Parameters Model structure Hidden concepts What Supervised Unsupervised Crisp or uncertain Reinforcement learning Planning Reasoning Deterministic Prediction Pattern recognition Aim Learning Diagnostic Prediction Stochastic Diagnostic Online, offline Types Model Active, passive Problems State space Classification regression... Results Domains Finance AI - SOFT COMPUTING Tools Robotics Neural computing Games, entertainment, sport Fuzzy systems Medicine Probabilistic reasoning Evolutionary computation WEB Swarm intelligence Agricultureand industry
  34. Applications of AI
  35. Natural language processing Gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages human beings speak Requires in-depth knowledge of the languages that are processed The goal is often natural language understanding – enabling computers to derive meaning from human language input
  36. Speech recognition Technology that allows the computer to identify and understand words spoken by a person using a microphone or telephone Many challenges: different accent slang background noise
  37. Facial recognition Automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source Uses: security systems crime prevention auto-focus (on modern mobile devices and camers)
  38. Military Faster collection and examination of large amounts of information Improving reaction and decision-making for more effective military actions High-performance fighter aircraft Training simulators
  39. Medicine Clinical decision support systems Computer-aided medical diagnosis Computer-aided interpretation of medical images (CT, MRI, ultrasound…)
  40. And many others… Finance – market predicting Transportation – automatic gearboxes who utilize fuzzy logic Music – can computer be a skillful musician? Toys – artificial pets Real estate – risk analysis E-mail spam filtering Games
  41. Games & AI
  42. Maze
  43. Chess Dragon
  44. Sudoku
  45. Puzzle
  46. Numbrix
  47. Demonstrations Demos of AI in games: Are you faster then a computer? Can you beat a simple chess AI? Demos of AI in computer vision: Real-time object tracking Medicine – image segmentation Optical character recognition (OCR)
  48. Demonstrations Demo of AI in natural language processing: Have a chat with a bot Others: Control a car with motion gestures Control mouse pointer with random object
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