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Duane S. Pinto, M.D.

Duane S. Pinto, M.D. Director Peripheral Angiographic Core Laboratory, TIMI Data Coordinating Center. Director, Cardiology Fellowship Training Program Interventional Cardiologist Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

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Duane S. Pinto, M.D.

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  1. Duane S. Pinto, M.D. Director Peripheral Angiographic Core Laboratory, TIMI Data Coordinating Center Director, Cardiology Fellowship Training Program Interventional Cardiologist Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Renal Artery Stenosis: Diagnosis and Indications for Revascularization

  2. Clinical Clues for RAS • Onset of HTN after 55 yrs • Exacerbation of well-controlled HTN • Malignant or resistant HTN • Epigastric bruit • Unexplained azotemia • Azotemia while on ACE or ARB • Atrophic kidney or size discrepancy • Recurrent CHF or “flash” pulmonary edema • Atheroscerosis elsewhere

  3. Making the Diagnosis of RAS: Imaging Requirements • Identify main and accessory renal arteries • Localize site of stenosis or disease • Provide hemodynamic significance of disease • Identify associated pathology

  4. Making the Diagnosis of RAS: Imaging Options • Renal arteriography • Duplex ultrasound • MRA • CTA • Nuclear Perfusion • Renal Vein Renin Sampling

  5. Renal Arteriography • Advantages • Meets all 4 criteria • Can size RA and intervene at the same time of diagnosis • Sensitivity and Specificity are Gold Standard • Disadvantages • Expense • Risks: Atheroembolis, CIN • Oculostenotic

  6. Renal Arteriography Can Distinguish Integrity of Main, Accessory, and Branch Vessels • Nonatherosclerotic forms of Renovascular Disease • FMD • Misc: Spontaneous dissection, aneurysmal disease, William’s Syndrome, neurofibromatosis, trauma • Atherosclerotic Disease • Unilateral or Bilateral ostial disease (75%) • Nonostial disease (<20%) • Isolated branch disease or segmental disease (5%)

  7. Hemodynamic Assessment • Hemodynamic Assesment confirms visual estimate • 60% stenosis diameter stenosis correlates with 84% CSA reduction to create a pressure drop • Magic number is 20 mm Hg Gross, et al. Radiology 2001. 220:751-756 Haimovici, et al. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1962; 3: 259-62

  8. Duplex Ultrasound • Meets 3 or 4 criteria • Least expensive • Predict whether stenting will be effective • Sensitivity 84-88% • Specificity 62-99% • Accessory arteries missed • Limited imaging in obese, gaseous patients • Technician dependent

  9. Renal Resistive Index • Offers prognosis for intervention • Avoid Compression and Valsalva which increase RI • RI= PSV-EDV/PSV • RI=(1-[Vmin/Vmax]) • Multiply by 100 Radermacher J., et al. Hypertension. 2002; 39: 699-703)

  10. RRI: Prognosis • RI >80 is a strong predictor of death, dialysis or progressive disease • Seen with or without RAS • Found to be similar with GFR <40 and Proteinuria • However, data only based on 25 patients with RI >80 Radermacher J., et al. Hypertension. 2002; 39: 699-703)

  11. Outcomes: 215 patients with ≥70% RAS treated with stenting • In 52% (99/191) of the patients, Cr decreased during 1-year follow-up • 1.21 mg/dL (quartiles: 0.92, 1.60 mg/dL) to 1.10 mg/dL (quartiles: 0.88, 1.50 mg/dL) (P=0.047) • MAP decreased from 102±12 mm Hg (mean±SD) at baseline to 92±10 mm Hg (P<0.001) • Independent predictors of improved renal function were: • Baseline serum Cr (odds ratio [95% CI], 2.58 [1.35 to 4.94], P=0.004) • LV function (OR 1.51 [1.04 to 2.21], P=0.032) Zeller. Circulation. 2003;108:2244.

  12. Outcomes: 215 patients with ≥70% RAS treated with stenting • Female sex, high baseline mean blood pressure, and normal renal parenchymal thickness were independent predictors for decreased mean blood pressure. • 1yr mortality was approximately 7.5% • CHF or MI (73%) • Stroke (13.5%) • 7 patients hospitalized with flash pulmonary edema and/or acute renal failure requiring acute hemodialysis could be withdrawn from the chronic hemodialysis program Zeller. Circulation. 2003;108:2244.

  13. MRA of the Renals • 3 of the 4 requirements • No radiation or nephrotoxins • Short duration scans • Sensitivity 90-100% • Specificity 76-94% • Expensive • Claustrophobia • May miss FMD • Overcalls Stenoses • Stent Artificact

  14. CTA of the Renals • 3 of the 4 requirements • Widely available • Visualize stents • No Flow Artifact • Short duration scans • Sensitivity 89-100% • Specificity 82-100% • Expensive • Radiation • Contrast • Claustrophobia

  15. Indications for Continued Medical Treatment • Mild HTN • Controlled BP on Meds • Stable and Good renal function • Advanced Age • Anatomic/Technical Considerations

  16. Indications for Renal Revascularization • Hypertensive Control • Reasonable Likelihood of Improvement • Recent escalation on top of essential HTN • Refractory, accelerated or malignant HTN • Renal Salvage • Unexplained Azotemia or ACE induced • Loss of renal mass over time • Progression of RAS • Cardiac disturbance • USA, “Flash Pulmonary Edema”, CHF

  17. Predictors of Success • Female Gender (p=0.032) • MAP at baseline (p<0.001) • Renal Failure • More improvement if moderate dysfunction (1.5 mg/dl) vs. severe (p=0.025) • LV function normal (p=0.032) • Neutral: DM an nephrosclerosis

  18. Case Selection: Should You ? • BP 148/94 • 2 Antihypertensive Meds • 12 mm Hg gradient

  19. Case Selection: Should You ? • “Drive-by Aortogram” • BP 148/94 • Atenolol only • Creatinine 1.9 NO!

  20. Case Selection: Should You ? • 28 y/o nurse • BP 209/119 mm Hg • Meds: None • Creat 0.9 • LRA normal YES!

  21. Case Selection: Should You ? BP 196/104 Prinivil, HCTZ, Metoprolol YES!!! 71 mm gradient

  22. Pro Prevent renal injury Treat before it occludes Con ?Data Complications Cost What about the incidentalomas?Normal BP, No Meds, Normal GFR I say, No.

  23. Summary • Evaluate patient for clues suggesting RAS • Perform imaging if patient is a candidate for revascularization • Combine imaging studies if necessary • Intervene on those who have reasonable life expectancy and potential to benefit from revascularization

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