University Ridge at E ast Stroudsburg University

1. University RidgeatEast Stroudsburg University Matthew Carr Spring 2007 Mechanical Option Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut

2. University RidgeatEast Stroudsburg University Outline Project Team Building Information Existing Mechanical Conditions Redesign Goals Mechanical Redesign Redesign Analysis Photovoltaic Breadth Recommendations & Conclusions Acknowledgements Questions Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

3. Project Team Building Name: University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Building Owner: University Properties Inc. Building Developer: Capstone Development Corp. Architect: Design Collective Inc. Engineers: Greenman-Pedersen Inc. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

4. Building Information Location: East Stroudsburg, PA on the East Stroudsburg University Campus Building Statistics: Student Residence – Apartments 541 Beds – 136 Units 3 stories plus an occupied walk in basement 140,000 square feet – 10 Buildings Development Cost: $27,200,000 Construction Cost: $15,750,000 Construction: August 2004 – August 2005 Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

5. Building Information Building Site Plan: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

6. Existing Mechanical Conditions • Cooling System: • Chilled water coil duct furnaces – Dedicated unit for each housing unit • Chilled water supplied by a dedicated DX condensing unit Heating System: Hot water coil duct furnaces – Dedicated unit for each housing unit Hot water supplied by a dedicated residential hot water heater Electric unit heaters for unoccupied spaces. • General: • Individual exhaust fans for bathrooms • Naturally ventilated living spaces to decrease load Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

7. Redesign Goals Combined Heat & Power Goals: Reduce emissions while increasing overall fuel usage for producing power Provide space heating using waste heat from power production Provide chilled water with absorption cooling which utilizes the waste heat from power production Reduce fossil fuel usage Determine feasibility of a payback period Decrease annual operating cost Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

8. Mechanical Redesign • What is Combined Heat and Power? • Electricity is generated on site by a prime mover • Waste heat is used for the heating and cooling processes • CHP typically runs at a lower operating cost but has a higher first cost • Load leveling increases operating efficiency • Main Components of Combined Heat and Power? • Prime Movers (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.) • Absorption Chillers • Chilled Water Storage Tanks • Cooling Towers • Pumps and Distribution Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

9. Mechanical Redesign • Spark Gap Feasibility Analysis? • Determination of difference between natural gas and electricity cost: • Natural Gas: • $1.33/therm • Electricity: • $0.0919/kWh • $26.94 - $13.30 = $13.64 • A spark gap of $12.00 or greater is usually considered a viable solution. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

10. Mechanical Redesign • Determination of Prime Mover • Building electric demand load of 366 kW • Building heating load of 775 MBH • Building cooling load of 177 tons • Prime Movers Considered • Reciprocating Engines • Fuel Cells • Natural Gas Turbines Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

11. Mechanical Redesign • Natural Gas Micro-turbine & Absorption Chiller Selection • Integrated micro-turbine and chiller/heater power system • Comes as packaged unit integrated with controls • Unit made up of 60 kW micro-turbines • Heat exchanger contained within the absorption chiller • Good under part load condition as micro-turbines can be selectively turned off or on as needed • Fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines • Typically reduced emissions over internal combustion engines • Integrated inverter optimizes efficiency • Integrated system allows for reduced installation cost. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

12. Mechanical Redesign Integrated Micro-turbine Chiller/Heater System Specs: 4 – 60 kWe Micro-turbines Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

13. Mechanical Redesign • Heat Recovery: • Waste heat from turbines recovered in the absorption chiller • High temperature generator and evaporator sections used as heat exchanger • Production of 140°F water used for hot water heating in the fan coil units. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

14. Mechanical Redesign • Double-effect Absorption Chiller: • Waste heat used to regenerate LiBr solution which acts as the condenser which is usually electrically powered • Cooling tower needed for heat removal from the condenser • Use of LiBr and water eliminates for ozone depleting refrigerants Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

15. Mechanical Redesign Existing Installation Example: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

16. Mechanical Redesign • Chilled Water Storage: • Chilled water storage used to level and shift the cooling load to increase efficiency • Allows for chiller size reduction Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

17. Redesign Analysis • Energy Analysis: • Energy analysis was done using RETscreen CHP energy analysis program • Analysis run using UTC Pure Comfort system, the determined cost data and calculated loads • The following table shows the operating capacity of the system Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

18. Redesign Analysis Monthly System Characteristics: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

19. Redesign Analysis • Existing Cost: • Existing mechanical system cost determined to be $2.1 million dollars as built Estimated First Cost: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

20. Redesign Analysis • System Payback: • System payback was also calculated using RETscreen CHP energy analysis program Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

21. Redesign Analysis System Payback: Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

22. Redesign Analysis • Emissions Analysis: • The following tables were generated using manufacturers data and the national grid average for emissions Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

23. Redesign Analysis • Emissions Analysis: • RETscreen CHP energy analysis program was also determined the GHG emissions produced by the proposed system and compared to the base case Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

24. Photovoltaic Breadth • Photovoltaic Basis: • Photovoltaic shingles built into sloped roof • Able to offset peak power loads during the day reducing the grid dependency of the CHP system • Drawbacks: expensive, inefficient, minimal architectural effect Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

25. Photovoltaic Breadth • PV Capacity and Cost Analysis: • The analysis of the PV cells was done using RETscreen PV • PV Cost: • $557,476 • Energy Delivered: • 49 MWh/yr • Simple Payback: • 12.4 yrs. Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

26. Recommendations & Conclusions • Conclusion: • Increased total energy and fuel efficiency • Lowered operating cost • Higher initial cost • Lower emissions and greenhouse gases • Recommendations: • Given the previously determined data and facts, it is recommended that this CHP tri-generation system be implemented as it has a payback timeframe for that of a university and would save money and energy use in the long run Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

27. Acknowledgements • Thanks to the Following: • Architectural Engineering Faculty and Staff • Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut • The AE Class of 2007 • My Friends • The GPI Mechanical Department • My Family Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007

28. Questions Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis University Ridge at East Stroudsburg Matthew Carr Mechanical Option Spring 2007