The Endocrine System

1. By: Blayne Whitt, Chastity Booth, Holly Hooks, Cheyenne Hoetzel, & Kayla Pinson The Endocrine System

2. Pineal Glad • Also called the pineal body. • Small cone shaped glad that hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain.

3. Melatonin • Appears to be secreted in the substantial amounts

4. Thymus Gland • Located in the upper thorax posterior to the sternum • Normal development If a special group of white Blood cells

5. Gonads • Produce sex hormones that are identical to those produced by adrenal cortex cell

6. Hormones of the ovaries • Ovaries • Estrogen • Progesterone • Menstrual cycle

7. Hormones of the Testes • Androgens • Testosterone

8. Thyroid gland • a hormone-producing gland that is familiar to most people primarily because many obese people blame their weight condition on their “glands” (thyroid) • located at the base of the throat. • Inferior to the adam’s apple • Fairly large • Consists of 2 lobes joined together by a central mass. • Creates two hormones • -thyroid hormone • -calcitonin • Made up of hollow structures called follicles, which store a sticky colloidal material.

9. Thyroid hormone • Important for normal tissue growth and development especially in the reproductive and nervous systems • The body’s major metabolic hormone is the thyroid hormone • Made of two active iodine-containing hormones • -thyroxine=t4 • -triiodothyronine=t3 • Thyroxine is major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles • Thyroid hormone controls the rate at which glucose is burned then converted to body heat and chemical energy

10. Calcitonin • 2nd most important gland • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bones • The body needs a certain level of calcium in your blood. When that level gets too high, calcitonin brings it nack to where it needs to be. When it gets too low, the parathyroid hormone brings it back up to normal.

11. Parathyroid Glands • Tiny masses of glandular tissue • Found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland • Two parathyroid glands on each thyroid lobe, which is a total of four parathyroids

12. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level • Released by parathyroids when blood calcium level drops too low • Stimulates bone destruction cells to break down bone matrix • Hyper calcemic hormone • Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

13. Adrenal Glands • Hormone producing glands located superior to the kidneys • Each consists of medulla and cortex areas • Looks like a single organ but it is two endocrine organs in one • Has a glandular (cortex) and neural tissue (medulla)

14. Adrenal Cortex produces corticosteroids: • Mainly aldosterone • Produced by outer layer of the cell • Regulates salt content of the blood • Balances electrolytes in the body • Release of aldosterone is stimulated by humoral factors

15. Adrenal Cortex produces corticosteroids: cont • Renin: enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, and causes the release of aldosterone. • Angiotensin II: stimulator of aldosterone release. • AtrialNatriuretic: hormone released by the heart, prevents aldosterone release; reduces blood volume and blood pressure.

16. Glucorticoids • Produced in middle cortical layer • Includes cortisone and cortical • Promotes normal cell metabolism • Helps resist long term stressors • Increases blood glucose levels • When they are high, fats and proteins are broken down by body cells and converted to glucose, then released by the blood. (hyperglycemic hormones) • Controls inflammation by decreasing edema • Reduce pain by inhibiting pain, causing molecules called prostaglandins • Prescribed as drugs to suppress inflammation for patients with rheumatoid arthritis • Released from the adrenal cortex

17. Sex Hormones: • Produced by the adrenal cortex throughout life in relatively small amounts. • Androgens (male sex hormones) • Estrogens (female sex hormones)

18. Homeostatic Imbalance • Addison’s disease • -lead to by a generalized hyposecretion of all the adrenal cortex hormones • -characterized by a peculiar bronze tone of the skin • -sodium and water lost from the body when aldosterone levels are low causing weak or shocked muscles • -hypoglycemia, a lessened ability to cope with stress, and suppression of the immune system are signs of Addison’s disease • Hypersecretion problems may result from an ACTH-releasing tumor and the resulting condition depends on the cortical area involved • Hyperaldosteronism • -results from the hyperactivity of the outermost cortical area • -excessive water and sodium are retained • -leading to high blood pressure and edema • -potassium is lost so much that the heart and nervous system could be disrupted

19. Homeostatic Imbalance cont • Cushing’s Syndrome • -occurs when the tumor is in the middle of the cortical areas or the client has been receiving pharmacological doses (amounts higher than usual) of glucocorticoids • -excessive glucocorticoids results in a swollen “moon” face and a “buffalo hump” of fat on the upper back • -high blood pressure, hyperglycemia (steroid diabetes), weakening of the bones, and severe depression of the immune system are effects • Masculinization • -caused by the hypersecretion of the sex hormones • -regardless of sex • -could be masked for adult males • -dramatic effects for females including a beard growing or other serious hair growth in uncommon places

20. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla • Develops from a knot of nervous tissue • When stimulated it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream • Basically, when you are scared or mad, your body prepares for fight-or-flight and stimulates the adrenal medulla

21. Pancreatic islets • Produce insulin and glucogen. They act as fuel sensors during fasting states • Without insulin, blood levels of glucose rise to dramatically high levels

22. Diabetes mellitus: • When glucose spills into your urine and water follows leading to dehydration • 3 signs: • -polyuria: excessive urination to flush out the glucose • -polydipsia: excessive thirst resulting from water loss • -polyphagia: hunger due to loss of fat and proteins