Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 North and South take Different Paths

2. Industrial Revolution • A Revolution in Technology • Industrial Revolution • Machines taking the place of hand tools. Power now provided first by flowing water, and now through steam engines rather than by human or animal • Began in Britain • Textile mills were the first factories to benefit • 1760s – Spinning Jenny • 1764 – Water Frame

3. Industrial Revolution • Spinning Jenny • Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 (patented) • Took multiple strands of cotton and spun them onto spindles • vast improvement on the spinning wheel which only made 1 spindle • Allowed spinners to keep up with weavers • It spun a weak yarn, that was suitable for filling in the main part of fabric • Water Frame • Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768 (patented in 1769) • I know your book says 1764 • Made single strands of thread – but very high strength • Used water power to work – more efficient than human • Samuel Crompton combined the Jenny and the Frame into one machine – many threads of high strength Historical Note: Both inventions were stolen from Thomas Highs

4. Industrial Revolution • Created a new system of working • Factory System • Brings workers and machines together in one place • Instead of cottage industry – workers showed up at the factory • Capital Problems • Factory Systems were the wave of the future • Startup costs were very high • Required investments from Capitalists • People who invest money in a business to turn a profit • Steam Power • When was it invented? Give me some years • Would you believe Heronof Alexandria @ 50AD • He invented a Steam Rocket

5. Industrial Revolution • Steam Power contd. • Improvements were made… many improvements • Thomas Newcomen made the first one for use • James Watt made one that could be used in industry

6. Industrial Revolution • The American Industrial Revolution • All of these advances were happening in England • Until… 1789 • Samuel Slater – apprentice of Richard Arkwright moved to the U.S. • He partnered with Moses Brown (a wealthy Merchant) • Brown rented a textile mill and Slater constructed a spinning machine based in Arkwright’s • The Lowell Mills • Francis Cabot Lowell – visited England and left with Ideas • Founded a mill in Waltham, Massachusetts • Brought spinning and weaving together • Lowell Girls • Women employed in the mills • After work they could attend classes and read books • Education advances for women

7. Industrial Revolution • The Revolution Takes Hold • Mass Production • Rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects • Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney) • Identical pieces that can be assembled quickly by unskilled workers • Factory Life • Not everyone was like Lowell • Child Labor • Textile mills, coal mines, steel foundries • Children as young as 7 • No education • Unsafe conditions

8. Industrial Revolution • Factory Conditions • Poorly lighted • Little fresh air • Machines did tasks – not protect workers • 12-14 hour workdays (if the machines don’t run there’s no profit)

9. Friday, April 25, 2014 • Songs due Tuesday May 5th! (after NJASK) • Do Now: page 390 key terms and people

10. The North Transformed • Northern Cities • Growth of Cities • Urbanization • Increased city population due to movement of people from rural areas to cities • Immigrants spread westward as eastern cities became crowded • Vast numbers came to America • Urban Problems • Bad conditions • Dirty streets- poor sewage – lack of clean water = disease • Fires were common – wooden structures close together

11. The North Transformed • Growth of Northern Industry • The Telegraph • Invented by Samuel Morse • Device that used electrical signals to send messages • Series of dots and dashes that represent numbers and letters • .... . .-.. .-.. --- / • - .... .. ... / .. ... / -- --- .-. ... . / -.-. --- -.. . / • .. - / -.-. --- -. - .- .. -. ... / .- / ... . .-. .. . ... / --- ..-. / -.. --- - ... / .- -. -.. / -.. .- ... .... . ... / • . .- -.-. .... / .-. . .--. .-. . ... . -. - ... / .- / .-.. . - - . .-. / --- ..-. / - .... . / .- .-.. .--. .... .- -... . – • In English? • Hello • this is morse code • it contains a series of dots and dashes • each represents a letter of the alphabet

12. The North Transformed • Advances in Agriculture • Cyrus McCormick • Mechanical Reaper • Cut stalks of wheat many times faster than humans could • Allowed larger farms to be worked by fewer people • This meant more food for everyone • Threshers • Separate the grains from the rest of the plant • Grains were sent to mills to be ground up and processed • Eventually Reapers which cut stalks and Threshers which separated grains from chaff were combined into one piece of equipment • What was it called?

13. The North Transformed • Advances in Manufacturing • Elias Howe invented a machine that could sew seams in cloth • Isaac Singer improved on this design • Sewing machines were born • This allowed mass production of clothing • By 1860 there was $1 billion dollars invested in business • 90% of that was in the North • What would this mean for the South in the coming Civil War?

14. The North Transformed • Transportation Revolution • Steamboats and Clipper Ships • 1807 Robert Fulton build the Clermont • First practical steam powered ship • Had a large paddle wheel for propulsion • They were not practical for the oceans, only rivers • Clipper Ships • Long, thin, sleek vessels with very tall masts • Not much cargo, but very very fast boats • Dominated ocean travel for a short time, until England began making ocean going steam boats

15. The North Transformed • Railroads • The greatest advance in transportation of goods and materials in the 19th century • First railroad contained tracks and carts pulled by horses • Later in 1830 Peter Cooper build a steam locomotive • Tom Thumb

16. The North Transformed • New Wave of Immigrants • The Great Hunger • Potato famine in Ireland in 1845 • Caused millions to leave Ireland • A million more died of starvation • Irish workers flooded to America • Many had been farm laborers at home • German newcomers • Fled to the U.S. after failed rebellions • Came from all walks of life • Rich and poor alike • Many settled in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes areas

17. The North Transformed • Reaction against Immigrants • Nativists • Wanted to preserve the country for white American born protestants. • They were especially against the Irish immigrants • They were roman catholic • One NY band formed a secret order • Know nothings • African Americans in the North • Faced more discrimination than immigrants • Denial of equal rights or treatment to certain groups of people • Many freed African Americans were at a disadvantage • Unable to vote • Not allowed to work in factories or skilled labor • Other employers hired new immigrants over African Americans • This discrimination led to racial segregation

18. Monday, September 16, 2013 • Homework: Read pages 396-398, explain how cotton began to effect the south. How did slave labor contribute to the “cotton kingdom”? • Do Now: Take out page 395, 1 & 2 from Friday

19. Tuesday, September 17, 2013 • Homework: page 400 1 & 2 • Do Now: Have out homework from last night

20. The Plantation South • The Cotton Kingdom • The Cotton Gin • Removed seeds from cotton fibers • Before the gin, the seeds had to be removed by hand • This was a very slow and labor intensive process • It limited the availability of cotton • The Gin allowed greater production – lowering prices of clothing and letting cotton growers produce more

21. The Plantation South • Slave Labor • In order to grow more cotton, planters used more slaves • In 1790 there were 498,000 slaves • By 1860 there were 4 million • Cotton was the greatest source of wealth for the U.S. • Enriched planters, ship owners, bankers, and merchants • Society was divided • States that raised cotton had large numbers of slaves • Other states didn’t

22. The Plantation South • Defending Slavery • Many southerners accepted the system as it was • Many northerners urged that slavery be banned • Supporters argued: • More humane than factory conditions in the north • Slaves never had to worry about unemployment • Critics argued: • Northern workers were free to quit a job and take another • People held in slavery were open to physical abuse • There was no substitute for freedom The original caption on this 1863 photograph of a slave read: "Overseer Aarayou Carrier whipped me. I was two months in bed sore from the whipping. My master come after I was whipped; he discharged the overseer The very words of Peter, taken as he sat for his picture."

23. The Plantation South • African Americans in the South • Restrictions on free African Americans • Laws denied basic rights to even freed African Americans • Excluded from all but the most menial jobs • Children could not attend public schools • Could not vote • Could not serve on juries • Could not testify against whites in court • Freed African Americans were discouraged from even traveling • Still, free African Americans made valuable contributions to society • Norbert Rillieux • Revolutionized the way sugar was refined • Henry Blair • Developed a seed planting device that reduced time a farmer spent sowing a crop

25. The Plantation South • Life Under Slavery • Slave Codes • Laws that controlled every aspect of a slave’s life • 1828 Kentucky Court Ruling – A slave by our code is not treated as a person but as a thing. • Some slaves were skilled workers on plantations • The majority did heavy farm labor • Slaves had only one protection from major mistreatment • Owners considered them valuable property • This was only true as long as the slave could continue to work • Families were often broken up • Children were sold • No more slaves could be imported after 1808 (legally anyway) • This cut contact with others coming from Africa • Still their culture survived

26. The Plantation South • Many slaves composed spirituals • Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of slavery • Resistance to Slavery • Many slaves resisted the slave holders • Some worked slowly • Some pretended not to understand what they were being told to do • Some deliberately broke equipment • Many fled their owners and went to the north • Occasionally there were rebellions • Nat Turner • Led the most famous revolt • He and his followers killed @60 whites • In retaliation, many innocent African Americans were killed • Turner was executed in 1831

27. Thursday, May 8, 2014 • Homework: page 405 1-3 • Do Now: • Have out last night’s homework (page 401)

28. The Challenges of Growth • Moving West • Daniel Boone – famous early pioneer • Cleared the wilderness road • A growing population • Steady growth of western territories led to new states • 8 new states from 1792 – 1818 • KY, TN, OH, LA, IN, MS, IL, AL • Travel was difficult • Paths west had begun as animal trails • Soon wagons were rolling over them • Turnpikes • Toll roads • Privately owned roads built by companies that charged people to travel over them

29. The Challenges of Growth • Corduroy Roads • Roads made of sawed off logs laid side by side – used for traveling over marshy areas • The National Road • First federally funded road • Began in 1811 by Cumberland, MD and reached Wheeling, WV (1818) and to Vandalia, IL in 1850

30. The Challenges of Growth • Canals • Channel that is dug across land and filled with water • DeWitt Clinton • Governor of NY who proposed to dig a canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson River • Work began in 1817 – critics called it Clinton’s Ditch • Canal contained many locks • By 1825 the canal had paid for itself • NY became a very rich state and city

31. The Challenges of Growth • Extension of Slavery • In 1819 there were 11 slave states and 11 free states • Missouri had been seeking admission to the Union as a slave state since 1817 • Allowing Missouri in would upset the ‘balance’ • Make the south more powerful than the north • James Tallmadge (NY) made a proposal • MO admitted as a slave state – but no more slaves brought into that state • Resolution passed in the house – failed in the senate • Southern Senators felt that it threatened slavery and thus the southern economy

32. The Challenges of Growth • The Missouri Compromise • 1820 – Henry Clay • Permitted Main to be admitted to the Union as a free state • Missouri admitted as a slave state • Louisiana Territory divided at 36° 30’ • North of that line would be free • South would be slave • Also gave southern slave owners the right to pursue escaped slaves into free regions and return them to slavery • The slavery debate re-ignited an old debate – States Rights • The issue of states rights would continue to divide the nation

33. The Challenges of Growth