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Explore California's rich history, from the arrival of humans 13,000 years ago to the birth of the state. Follow the path of indigenous nations, Spanish colonization, Mexican rule, and U.S. statehood. Discover key events like the War of Independence, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the abolition of slavery in Mexican California. Learn about influential figures such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Pio Pico.
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Human MigrationFrom Africa to California @ 13,000 years ago @ 150,000 years ago
California’s First Humans13,000 Years Ago? Arlington Springs Santa Rosa Island, CA
The Land that is California • Indigenous Nations 11,000 BCE • Spain 1769-1821 • Mexico 1821-1848 • United States 1848-Present
1776-1830 The Americas rebel against 300+ years of European colonial control ! 1776
Grito de Dolores"Cry of Dolores”September 16, 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Paraphrase of the call to independence: My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once… Will you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines! ‘Grito’ Mexico City, September 16, 2010
El Grito de Dolores Mexicans! Long live the heroes who gave us our homeland! Long live Hidalgo! Long live Morelos! Long live Josefa Ortíz de Dominguez! Long live Allende! Long live Aldama and Matamoros! Long live the independence of our nation! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! ¡Mexicanos! ¡Vivan los héroes que nos dieron patria! ¡Viva Hidalgo! ¡Viva Morelos! ¡Viva Josefa Ortíz de Dominguez! ¡Viva Allende! ¡Vivan Aldama y Matamoros! ¡Viva la Independencia Nacional! ¡Viva México! ¡Viva México! ¡Viva México! ‘ El Groto’ Mexico City, Sept. 15, 2017
Mexico War of Independence1810-1821 Treaty of Córdoba 1821 Mexico Map 1821
A Few Developments inMexican California1821-1848 • Mexico shut down the California mission system in 1834. • Mexico gave the CA mission lands to well-connected Mexicans to create 800 very large cattle ranches or ‘ranchos’. • To populate the vast area, Mexico encouraged foreigners to settle in and develop California. • Mexico and the California Territory experienced constant political turmoil and instability.
Mexico decided the CA Missions were … • Ineffective • Expensive • Offensive to the spirit and values of the new country
Monterey County Populationby the end of the Mexican era. . .
Mexican PresidentVicente Guerrero The Guerrero Decree The President of the United States of Mexico, know ye: That desiring to celebrate in the year of 1829 the anniversary of our independence with an act of justice and national beneficence, which might result in the benefit and support of a good, so highly to be appreciated, which might cement more and more the public tranquility, which might reinstate an unfortunate part of its inhabitants in the sacred rights which nature gave them, and which the nation protects by wise and just laws, in conformance with the 30th article of the constitutive act, in which the use of extraordinary powers are ceded to me, I have thought it proper to decree: 1st. Slavery is abolished in the republic. 2nd. Consequently, those who have been until now considered slaves are free. 3rd. When the circumstances of the treasury may permit, the owners of the slaves will be indemnified in the mode that the laws may provide. And in order that every part of this decree may be fully complied with, let it be printed, published, and circulated. Given at the Federal Palace of Mexico, the 15th of September, 1829. Vicente Guerrero To José María Bocanegra
Territory of Alta California Mexico 1821-1848
US-Mexico War Before After
Treaty ofGuadalupe Hidalgo ARTICLE VIII Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain for the future within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove at any time to the Mexican Republic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, and removing the proceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected, on this account, to any contribution, tax, or charge whatever. Those who shall prefer to remain in the said territories may either retain the title and rights of Mexican citizens, or acquire those of citizens of the United States. But they shall be under the obligation to make their election within one year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty; and those who shall remain in the said territories after the expiration of that year, without having declared their intention to retain the character of Mexicans, shall be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United States. In the said territories, property of every kind, now belonging to Mexicans not established there, shall be inviolably respected. The present owners, the heirs of these, and all Mexicans who may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall enjoy with respect to it guarantees equally ample as if the same belonged to citizens of the United States.
Changes to the TGH Article X THE PROTOCOL OF QUERÉTARO “The American Government, by suppressing the Xth article of the Treaty of Guadalupe did not in any way intend to annul the grants of lands made by Mexico in the ceded territories. These grants, notwithstanding the suppression of the article of the Treaty, preserve the legal value which they may possess; and the grantees may cause their legitimate titles to be acknowledged before the American tribunals.” “All grants of land made by the Mexican government or by the competent authorities, in territories previously appertaining to Mexico, and remaining for the future within the limits of the United States, shall be respected as valid, to the same extent that the same grants would be valid, if the said territories had remained within the limits of Mexico.”
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Creating the Border Article V (The Border) The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or Opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico; thence, westwardly, along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence, northward, along the western line of New Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila; (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same); thence down the middle of the said branch and of the said river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific Ocean.
“The Border” 1,954 miles
“The Fence” About 670 miles of fence
Background Birth of the State of California
Only the Mission Zone had been heavily impacted prior to the US takeover Mission Zone
California Constitution 1849 CA Constitution 1879 CA Constitution More than 350 Pages More than 500 Amendments in 130 Years
Who Wrote the California Constitution? Roster of Delegates to the California Constitutional Convention in 1849
Debates at theCalifornia Constitutional Convention In the File Cabinet on our course web site, there is a link to this report.
Which Civil RightsShall People Have in California? Read the debate on Rights at the California Constitutional Convention synopsis “No member of this State shall be… deprived of any of the rights or privileges securred to any citizen thereof…” Member? Inhabitant? Citizen?
Civil Rights California Constitution 1849
Who will be allowed toVote in California? Read the debate on Voting Rights at the California Constitutional Convention “Every white male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one, who shall have been a resident of the State six months… shall be entitled to vote at all elections…”
