Folding Patterns in Hornbeam Leaves and Origami

1. (B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing show a natural occurrence of Miura-ori. A single row of kinks along the midrib allows a folded leaf to be deployed once the bud opens (A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern (C)Zigzag Miura-ori patterns in a thin film that is compressed biaxially as it dries. Mahadevan and Rica. 2004. Self-Organized Origami. Science 307: 1740

2. Beech at different stages of development. (Kobayashi et al. 1998. The geometry of unfolding tree leaves. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 147-154.)

3. Hornbeam at different stages of development.Kobayashi et al. 1998.

5. You can make your own folded leaf. (Kobayashi et al. 1998) Are there other patterns of folding? Does the packaging of young leaves relate to phylogeny?

6. Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups These 3 groups are unresolved

7. 4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree 4. Eudicots- the largest group 2. Magnoliids 3. Monocots 1. Basal Angiosperms

8. Qui et al. 1999 4. Eudicots- the largest group Laurales 2. Magnoliids Magnoliales Piperales Canellales 3. Monocots 1. Basal Angiosperms

9. Magnoliales(4 families) Magnoliaceae Magnolia

11. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora

12. Magnolia grandiflora Note many flower parts on an enlarged receptacle, leaf-like stamens. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

13. Magnolia grandiflora Young fruits (follicles) developing. Stigmas are turning brown, anthers are drying up. Petals have been removed. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

14. Follicles have dehisced releasing a bright red seed suspended on a slender thread. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

16. Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Liriodendron

17. Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip Tree, Magnoliaceae- note tulip-shaped leaf, radial symmetry, woody, many flower parts. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

18. Cross section: Note expanded receptacle, many stamens and carpels, leaf-like stamens, radial symmetry. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm

19. Liriodendron tulipifera. Carpels separate at maturity producing samaras. (www.csdl.tamu.edu)

20. Laurales (5 families) Lauraceae Sassafras albidum

22. Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae Note: male and female flowers (dioecious), 3 leaf shapes, woody.

23. Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae, Fruit = drupe with a bright red expanded cup-like receptacle.

24. Persea americana, Avocado, fruits (drupe)

25. Piperales (5 families) Piperaceae Piper spp.

26. Piperaceae Inflorescence a spike densely covered with minute flowers Leaves alternate, pinnate to palmate venation. Nodes Swollen and Jointed Each flower with a peltate bract.

27. Piperaceae Piper nigrum Black Pepper Note: Infructescence Jointed stems Palmate-like venation

28. Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Piperaceae The joints on the stems are very clear in the first view. The riper red drupes are clear in the second view.

29. Peppers Oxidized or fermented peppers Green Black White Outer layer removed by soaking the pepper for 1-week in running water. This reveals the white “pit”. Early harvest, quick drying to prevent fermentation Color of unripe drupes Color of ripe drupes Pickled Green Pickled Red Note Pink Peppercorns, (different from the red peppercorns above), are not from Piper sp. at all-- but rather the berries from Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae).

30. Inflorescence of Piper, Pepper, Piperaceae

31. Typical flowers of the Piperaceae Note: No sepals and petals Flower subtended by a peltate (mushroom shaped) bract. 2 anthers in this species stigma

32. More examples of inflorescences of Piperaceae- identify the flower parts.

33. The rhizomes of Piper methysticum are used to prepare Kava-- a drink used to “facilitate social interaction!”

34. 4. Eudicots- the largest group Laurales 2. Magnoliids Magnoliales Piperales Canellales 3. Monocots 1. Basal Angiosperms