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D. Stich 1* , M. Bailey 2 , J . Zydlewski 3,1

Survival of Atlantic salmon smolts through a hydropower complex in the lower Penobscot River, ME USA. D. Stich 1* , M. Bailey 2 , J . Zydlewski 3,1

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D. Stich 1* , M. Bailey 2 , J . Zydlewski 3,1

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  1. Survival of Atlantic salmon smolts through a hydropower complex in the lower Penobscot River, ME USA D. Stich1*, M. Bailey2, J. Zydlewski3,1 1Department of Wildlife Ecology, 5755 Nutting Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME; 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Central New England Fishery Resource Office, Nashua, NH; 3U.S. Geological Survey, Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 5755 Nutting Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME. *Email: daniel.stich@maine.edu

  2. INTRODUCTION Atlantic salmon smolts in the Penobscot River • 18-month smolts • Most are hatchery-origin • 500,000+ stocked each year

  3. INTRODUCTION Penobscot River • PRRP • Balancing hydropower with sea-run fishes • Dam removal in main-stem • Power-generation increases

  4. INTRODUCTION Marsh Island hydropower complex Gilman Falls • PRRP • Balancing hydropower with sea-run fishes • Dam removal in main-stem • Power-generation increases Milford Dam Great Works Dam Stillwater Dam Orono Dam Veazie Dam

  5. INTRODUCTION Objectives • Passage path and survival through Marsh Island complex • Relations between discharge, path choice, and survival

  6. METHODS Acoustic array • ~ 200 receivers • > 250 km coverage • > 2000 smolts • tagged since • 2005 • Cooperative effort between: • USGS • UMO • NOAA

  7. METHODS Multi-state acoustic survival models • Survival (Φ) • Detection probability (p) • State-transition probabilities (ψ)

  8. Methods Path choice at Stillwater: individual-based model Stillwater Penobscot “1” “0”

  9. RESULTS Path choice at Stillwater from MS models Hatchery Wild ~ 12 %

  10. RESULTS Use of Stillwater Branch vs. discharge

  11. RESULTS Acoustic Survival • Survival lowest at Milford • Survival through Stillwater Branch higher than main-stem • Survival at Veazie & Great Works high prior to dam removal 1.00 ± 0.00 0.91 ± 0.02 0.98 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.02 1.00 ± 0.00 Free flowing Regulatory std. 0.99 ± 0.00

  12. RESULTS Survival at Milford Dam vs. discharge

  13. DISCUSSION Main findings • ψStillwater: low • ΦMilford:low • ΦVeazie ,ΦGreat Works:high • ΦStillwater ,ΦOrono : high • ψStillwater ,ΦMilford: with flow Free flowing Regulatory std.

  14. DISCUSSION Relative risks prior to changes 75 - 94% 6 - 25% N = 100 75-(0.91 * 0.99 * 75) = 7.4 75-(0.91 * 0.99 * 75) = 7.4 75-(0.94 * 0.99 * 75) = 5.2 75-(0.95* 0.99 * 75) = 4.46 75-(0.91 * 0.98 * 75) = 8.11 75-(0.93 * 0.99 * 75) = 5.9 75-(0.92 * 0.99 * 75) = 6.69 75-(0.96* 0.99 * 75) = 3.72 75-(0.91 * 0.99 * 75) = 7.4 6-(0.96 * 0.96* 6 )= 0.47 6-(0.97 * 1.00 * 6 )= 0.18 6-(0.97 * 1.00 * 6 )= 0.18 94-(0.93 * 0.99 * 94) = 7.45 94-(0.92 * 0.99 * 94) = 8.38 94-(0.94 * 0.99* 94) = 6.52 94-(0.91 * 0.99 * 94) = 9.3 94-(0.91 * 0.99 * 94) = 10.17 94-(0.91 * 0.98 * 94) = 10.17 94-(0.96 * 0.99 * 94) = 4.66 94-(0.91 * 0.99 * 94) = 9.3 94-(0.95 * 0.99 * 94) = 5.59 25-(0.97 * 1.00 * 25) = 0.75 25-(0.96 * 0.96 * 25) = 1.96 25-(0.97 * 1.00 * 25) = 0.75 ~2% contributed by Stillwater dams <1% contributed by Stillwater dams .93 .94 .96 .95 .91 .92 7 – 8% contributed by main-stem dams 5 – 7% contributed by main-stem dams 4 – 6% contributed by main-stem dams 8 –10% contributed by main-stem dams 5 – 7% contributed by main-stem dams 7 – 9% contributed by main-stem dams 4 – 5% contributed by main-stem dams .97 .96 .99 .98 .96 1.00 6-8% Loss through complex 7-9% Loss through complex 9-11% Loss through complex 9-10% Loss through complex 8-10% Loss through complex 9-11% Loss through complex 7-9% Loss through complex 6-7% Loss through complex

  15. DISCUSSION Summary • Restoration is species-specific and life-stage specific. • Dam removal will have little effect on smolt survival, other species benefit greatly • Opportunity for improving passage at Milford Dam • Potential sub-lethal effects of Veazie & Great Works in estuary • Future uncertainty in passage through Stillwater Branch

  16. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Logistic & technical support: Alia Al-Humaidhi, Matthew Altenritter, Megan Altenritter, Dan Anderson, Wesley Ashe, Charlie Baeder, John Beeman, Kevin Bernier, Brandon Capron, Matthew Dzaugis, Kevin Gallant, Graham Goullete, Graham Griffin, Ann Grote, Jim Hawkes, Ed Hughes, Chris Introne, Betsy Irish, Mike Kinnison, Ian Kiraly, John Kocik, Kevin Lachapelle, Phillip Lung, George Maynard, Andrew O’Malley, Ana Rapp, Silas Ratten, Chip Reier, Margo Relford, Peter Ruksznis, Doug Sigourney, Chandler Smith, Randy Spencer, Erin Snook, Steve Stich, Haley Vieman, Trevor Violette, Matthew Wegener, Gayle Zydlewski, Orion Zydlewski Financial support: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Brookfield Renewable Power (Great Lakes Hydro America) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Penobscot Indian Nation Penobscot River Restoration Trust University of Maine United States Geological Survey

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