TED 316 – Structural Design

1. Construction Materials Masonry TED 316 – Structural Design

2. Building of structures from individual units • Common materials: • Brick • Stone • Marble • Granite • Concrete block • Glass block MASONRY

3. Walls of buildings Retaining walls Monuments Brick and block are most commonly used Can be weight bearing or veneer Rebar is added to increase tensile and lateral strength MASONRY APPLICATIONS

4. Increase thermal mass Does not require painting Heat and fire resistance High impact resistance Long life-cycle MASONRY - ADVANTAGES

5. Degradation due to frost damage Requires a strong foundation Heavy MASONRY - DISADVANTAGES

6. Good compressive strength • Much lower tensile strength • Reinforcement needed • Thickening wall • Masonry piers • Steel reinforcement MASONRY – STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS

7. Masonry units installed on one or both sides of a structurally independent wall • Decorative not structural • Common materials • Brick • Stone • Attached with brick ties MASONRY - VENEER

8. Air gap • Waterproofing • Water-resistant surface • Weep holes • Interior insulation • Fiberglass for stud walls • Foam board for block • Takes advantage of thermal mass MASONRY - VENEER

9. Building material – mortar bond not critical Friction provides strength Grooves and keys add strength Mortar-less masonry DRY SET MASONRY (DRY STONE)

10. Economical • Limited applications • Low • Thick • Susceptible to earthquakes • Reinforcement needed SOLID MASONRY

11. Commonly used • Granite • Slate • Limestone • Sandstone • Marble STONE

12. Common forms • Crushed • Sand • Pea gravel • Rip rap • Fieldstone • Dimensional stone • Rubble • Flagstone STONE

13. Characteristics • Strength • High compression • Low tension • Hardness – varies • Workability – relates to hardness • Durability • Appearance • Accessibility • Indigenous STONE

14. Categories • Sun-dried bricks • Kiln burned bricks • Building bricks • Refractory bricks BRICK

15. Types • Common brick • Face brick • Glazed face brick • Fire brick • Sand lime brick • Special brick • Paving brick • Omni brick • Sculpted brick BRICK

16. Two or more layers • Horizontal rows (stretcher bricks) • Cross ties (header bricks) • Bonds (pattern of stretcher and header) • Common • English and Flemish • Staggered vs. non-staggered Brick

17. Wide variety of styles and types • 1950s-1970s: consistency = sterile • 1980s on: move back to rustic look • Burnt bricks • Salvage bricks • Aged new bricks • Free, artistic style BRICK – UNIFORMITY and RUSTICity

18. Cinder blocks Concrete blocks Hollow tile Generically referred to as Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs) Larger than bricks Faster to lay Lower water absorption rates than bricks Blocks

19. Used as structural core for veneer walls • Used alone where appearance is not critical • Stucco covering • Decoration • Extra strength • Pre-colored or stained • Reinforcement • Bond beam • Filling hollow voids • Rebar and ladder-reinforcement block

20. Made of glass Structural or appearance Provide light and/or view Glass block