TED 316 – Structural Design

1. Bridges TED 316 – Structural Design

2. A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. (Wikipedia) Bridges

3. Nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed • Length of span • Banks of area to be spanned • Height requirements under span • Variations in river levels Bridge – design influences

4. Material available to make it • Specialized labor available • Funds available to build it • Traffic during construction and expected after completion • Aesthetic considerations Bridge – design influences

5. First bridges made by nature First man-made bridges made of logs, planks and later stones. The Arkadiko bridge in Greece (13th century BC), one of the oldest arch bridges in existence Early bridges

6. Six major types • Beam • Cantilever • Arch • Suspension • Cable-stayed • Truss Bridge types

7. Horizontal beams supported at each ends by abutments Multiple spans supported by piers Short span range Beam bridges

8. Cantilever Bridge.—A structure at least one portion of which acts as an anchorage for sustaining another portion which extends beyond the supporting pier. Built using cantilevers – typically a pair Cantilever bridges

9. Bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch Work by transferring loads horizontally to abutments Arch bridges

10. Variation of the arch bridge with deck in tension to support arch rather than the abutments AKA: Bowstring Arch Can have lighter abutments Fort Pitt Bridge Tied arch bridge

11. Arch bridge where deck is completely above arch Open vs. closed spandrel Deck arch

12. Cables hung from towers Cables anchored at each end Deck is hung below suspension cables by vertical suspender cables Can be constructed without falsework Suspension bridges

13. Similar to suspension bridges Cables attached directly to towers Less cable and lower towers Cable-stayed bridges Fan design Harp design

14. One of the oldest types of bridges Composed of connected elements Stressed from tension, compression or both in response to dynamic loads Economical Many variations Truss bridge

15. Cantilever type with truss framework Cantilever truss

16. Truss bridge variation with curved shape AKA: Eyebrow Bridge Smithfield Street Bridge Lenticular truss

17. A bridge that moves out of the way of traffic • Advantage: reduced cost • Disadvantage: halts traffic when moved • Variations • Bascule bridge - a drawbridge hinged on pins with a counterweight to facilitate raising • Swing bridge - the bridge deck rotates around a fixed point, usually at the center, but may resemble a gate in its operation • Vertical-lift bridge - the bridge deck is lifted up by counterweighted cables mounted on towers • Many others Moveable bridges

18. Salvadori, Mario (1980).Why buildings stand up: The strength of architecture. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Wikipedia. Bridge. Retrieved October 14, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge sources