Unit 1:principles of Anatomy and Physiology

1. Unit 1:principles of Anatomy and Physiology Energy systems Kevin Browne

2. Learning Objectives All students will be able to: • To define the terms aerobic and anaerobic • Identify the three different types of energy systems

3. Introduction Any form of activity within the human body requires ENERGY. This form of activity could be enzyme secretion, nerve stimulation, contraction of the heart or physical activity.

4. Creating Energy In order for the human body to create energy, it will either use the process of: • Aerobic respiration • Anaerobic respiration Student Activity In pairs, define the terms aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, and discuss any similarities or differences in the two.

5. Aerobic respiration There are two different types of respiration. When you exercise at a steady, comfortable rate, the cardiovascular system is able to supply the muscles with all the oxygen they need. Under these conditions, aerobic respiration takes place. carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen energy + + water Aerobic exercise can be maintained for long periods without the performer getting breathless or suffering muscle cramps. Moderate activities like walking, jogging, cycling and swimming use aerobic respiration.

6. Anaerobic respiration When you exercise at a high intensity, the cardiovascular system cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles. Under these conditions, anaerobic respiration takes place. glucose energy + lactic acid With no oxygen available, glucose is burned to produce energy and lactic acid. Lactic acid is a mild poison. As it builds up, it causes muscle pain and eventually cramp. Short, intense activities like sprinting, weightlifting, jumping and throwing use anaerobic respiration.

7. Energy Systems There are two types of energy types in the body • Aerobic is a sustained release of energy with oxygen for longer endurance events.* • Anaerobic is the release of energy without oxygen for short bursts.

8. Discussion How do these types of systems, create energy? The muscles of the body use both carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. There are 3 energy systems, and each system will produce energy in a slightly different way through chemical reactions. The three energy systems are: • ATP-CP system • Anaerobic Glycolysis (latic acid system) • Aerobic Glycolysis

9. Starchy CHO from food is converted to glucose in the gut, which enters the small intestine and passes into the bloodstream to be transported to the muscles.

10. The glucose is then used in 3 different ways… Body Cells Liver Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands. Here some of the glucose is stored as glycogen and used to maintain blood sugar levels. Skeletal Muscle Glucose is stored here as glycogen and is used when the body is working harder.

11. Student Activity Research and quick presentations You will be split into three groups, each group will look at a different energy system, and will answer the following questions: • How long does it take to produce energy? • Explain the chemical process of your energy system • Which sports will use this energy system • Conditions: • you may only use 10 words to summarise the information from the text but can use as many diagrams/symbols

12. How do these systems work? • The body has to create energy chemically! BUT HOW? • In the muscles is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). • This is quickly converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). • This is not sustainable and the body must use other chemicals to convert ADP back to ATP and continue the process of making energy. • This is done in 3 ways.. . • The by-product is Energy which is released.

13. This is what ATP LOOKS Like

14. Special high-energy bonds exist between the phosphate groups and breaking one of the phosphate bonds releases the energy. ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and free phosphate (Pi) releasing the stored energy. http://oldlearnzone.loucoll.ac.uk/NLN/Science/Biology/Life%20Sciences/workshop3_RH4_Energy%20systems/472AA547-FB87-4788-9277-9A48354BC642/453_sco.html

15. Creatine Phosphate (CP) Energy System • This generally follows on from the breakdown of ATP and uses the two substances combined into ATP-CP system. • This system use CP stored in muscles, which splits to allow the Phosphate to join ADP and create more ATP. This new ATP can then be used to create energy as before

16. The quantity of ATP in the muscles is very limited so once this breakdown has occurred the ADP needs to be resynthesised back into ATP to ensure the constant generation of energy within the body. Note that energy is required to resynthesise ATP and it is the energy we get from food that provides this.

17. Creatine Phosphate (CP) Energy System • This system is very efficient, uses no oxygen and creates no waste product, but it is limited to about 10-15 seconds before running out.

18. Lactic Acid System (Anaerobic Glycolysis) • When CP runs out, the muscles call upon the stores of glucose (glycogen). • Unfortunately this system creates a waste product called pyruvic acid. • Ideally the body copes with this by, oxygen breaking down the pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water. But, if activity levels are too intense and not enough O2 can be inspired, then the pyruvic acid is not broken down and converts into lactic acid.

19. Lactic Acid System (Anaerobic Glycolysis) • If lactic acid is allowed to build up it the muscles fatigue and either the work-rate must be reduced or the individual will be forced to stop. • Now they must rest while fresh oxygen is supplied to repay the oxygen debt. • Who can think what the term oxygen debt refers to? • “The additional oxygen that must be taken into the body after vigorous exercise to restore all systems to their normal states is called oxygen debt” (A.V. Hill 1886-1977).

20. Aerobic Energy System The Process of Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration involves the release of energy from theslowbreakdown of glucoseusingoxygen,inside the cells. Water Glucose 1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles bythe blood. Energy for Muscles to contract and create Movement 2. Glucose and oxygen are then used by the muscles of the body to produce energy. CarbonDioxide Oxygen 3. This process creates carbon dioxide and water. 4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.

21. 3. Aerobic • You are now using your Aerobic system. If you change activity to a a steady jog on the spot you will start to use a different system. • You are still using glycogen from your body stores. • But now the pyruvic acid is being broken down by the oxygen to produce water and CO2. • The Aerobic system is used by anyone doing a sustained activity like jogging.*

22. As long as you keep a supply of oxygen it depends on your glycogen supply. • How long could you keep running for? • The glycogen comes from the carbohydrates in your food. • These are broken down and stored. • As you tire your body will be using up the glycogen in your muscles and be looking for the other supplies like in fats. • Endurance athletes will feel these body changes and look for warning signs (hitting the wall).*

24. Worksheet • Identify the 3 energy systems. • Define the terms below: Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration • Explain the chemical process of the ATP-CP system. • Explain the chemical process of Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis by filling in the spaces, using the words on the worksheet: