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2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics

2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics. Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical activity (Badminton). Anatomy. Skeletal system Bones Muscles Movement Joints Agonist/antagonist. Bones. What bones make up the following joints: Shoulder (3) Elbow (3) Wrist (3) Hip (2) Knee (3) Ankle (3).

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2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics

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  1. 2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical activity (Badminton)

  2. Anatomy • Skeletal system • Bones • Muscles • Movement • Joints • Agonist/antagonist

  3. Bones • What bones make up the following joints: Shoulder (3) Elbow (3) Wrist (3) Hip (2) Knee (3) Ankle (3)

  4. Bones Shoulder: clavical, scapula, humerus Elbow: humerus, radius, ulna Wrist: carpals, radius, ulna Hip: pelvis, femur Knee: femur, tibia, fibula Ankle: tarsals, tibia, fibula

  5. Muscles • What muscles move the following joints: Shoulder (4) Elbow (2) Wrist (2) Hip (4) Knee (2) Ankle (3)

  6. Muscles Shoulder: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius, Latissimusdorsi Elbow: bicep, tricep Wrist: wrist flexors, wrist extensors Hip: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals, Adductors, abductors Knee: quadriceps, hamstring Ankle: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior

  7. Synovial Joints • Freely moveable (lots of movement) • Cartilage and ligament for stability • Synovial membrane (produces fluid) • Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)

  8. Synovial Joints What type of joints are the following: • Shoulder • Wrist • Ankle • Hip • Knee • Elbow

  9. Synovial Joints Shoulder: ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor stability) Elbow: Hinge (only movement in 2 directions) Wrist: Ellipsoid (movement side to side and back and forth, good stability)

  10. Synovial Joints Hip: ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor stability) Knee: condyloid (a hinge joint with internal rotation on full extension) Ankle: Plane (side to side and back and forth, some rotation)

  11. Agonist/Antagonist Muscles always work in pairs One muscles contracts (agonist) and the other one relaxes (antagonist) e.g elbow flexion: biceps (agonist) triceps (antagonist)

  12. Agonist/Antagonist When these muscles are the agonist which muscle is the antagonist? Pectoral: Biceps Anterior Deltoid: Hamstrings: Gastrocnemius: Abdominals:

  13. Agonist/Antagonist Pectoral: LatissimusDorsi Biceps: Triceps Anterior Deltoid: Posterior Deltoid Hamstrings: Quadriceps Gastrocnemius: Tibialis Anterior Abdominals: Erector Spinae

  14. Joint Movement Flexion: decreasing angle of a joint Extension: increasing angle of a joint

  15. Joint Movement Abduction: moving joint away from the body Adduction: moving a joint towards the body

  16. Joint movement Rotation: moving a bone about a joint (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)

  17. Joint Movement • Pronation: turning the palm down • Supination: turning the palm up

  18. Joint movement • Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards the shin • Plantarflexion: pointing the toes

  19. Joint movement What movement is possible at the following joints: Shoulder (5) Elbow (2) Hip (5) Knee (2) Ankle (2)

  20. Joint movement • Shoulder: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation • Elbow: flexion, extension • Hip: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation • Knee: flexion, extension, slight internal rotation on extension • Ankle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion

  21. Joint Movement What muscles create the following movement: Shoulder flexion: Shoulder extension: Elbow flexion: Elbow extension: Knee flexion: Knee Extension: Hip flexion: Hip extension: Ankle dorsiflexion: Ankle plantarflexion:

  22. Joint movement Shoulder flexion: deltoid, pectorals Shoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsi Elbow flexion: bicep Elbow extension: tricep Knee flexion: hamstring Knee Extension: quadriceps Hip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas) Hip extension: gluteals Ankle dorsiflexion: tibialis anterior Ankle plantarflexion: gastrocnemius

  23. Biomechanics • Newton’s laws of motion • Levers • Projectiles • Speed/height/angle of release • Stability (centre of gravity, base of support, line of gravity) • Force summation/timing • Transfer of momentum

  24. Newton’s Laws of Motion Law 1: Inertia • An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a force Inertia is an objects tendency to remain at rest or in motion

  25. Newton’s 1st law of Inertis Give 2 sporting examples of this law: 1. 2.

  26. Newton’s Laws of Motion Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a) • Acceleration of an object is proportional to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the force and is effected by the mass of the object

  27. Newton’s laws of motion • cricket ball accelerates in direction of the bat, accelerates depending on how fast the bat is swung and accelerates depending on the size (mass) of the ball

  28. Newton’s Laws of Motion Law 3: Action/Reaction For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

  29. Newton’s 3rd law of motion Give 2 sporting examples of the 3rd law: 1. 2.

  30. Levers 1st Class: 2nd class: 3rd class:

  31. Levers[1,2,3=F,L,E] 1st class: fulcrum between the load and effort e.g seasaw or rowing 2nd class: load is between the fulcrum and effort e.g push up 3rd class: effort is between the load and the fulcrum e.g golf swing

  32. 1st class lever Rowing

  33. 2nd class lever Push up

  34. 3rd class lever Golf swing

  35. Levers Draw a diagram to show these levers 1st Class: rowing 2nd class: push up 3rd class: golf swing

  36. Projectiles • Any object released into the air is a projectile Projectiles are influenced by: • Gravity: pulls object back to earth • Spin: can change its direction/path • Speed of release: faster = further • Height of release: higher = further • Angle of release: 45 degrees is ideal • Wind: can slow down/speed up object

  37. Gravity

  38. Spin

  39. Speed of release

  40. Height of release

  41. Angle of release

  42. Wind

  43. Speed/height/angle of release Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have each aspect and why: Fast speed of release: High Height of release: 45 degree Angle of release: A minus angle of release:

  44. Speed/height/angle of release Speed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowling Height: Tennis serve, high jump Angle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throws Minus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serve

  45. Angle of release 90 45 0 -45 -90

  46. Angle of release What is the angle of release of these: high jump parachuting tennis serve long jumping volleyball block ten pin bowling shot put springboard diving badminton smash soccer pass along the ground

  47. Angle of release

  48. Angle of release 90 volleyball block 85 springboard diving 75 high jump 45 long jump, shot put 0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling -30 tennis serve, badminton smash -90 parachuting

  49. Stability Centre of gravity Point at which all part of a body are equally balanced Base of support Area within an objects point of contact with the ground Line of gravity Direct line from the centre of gravity to the ground

  50. Centre of gravity

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