Climate Change and Energy

1. Climate Change and Energy Updated PowerPoint show about climate change and energy sector

2. Research results of climate change

3. Source: National Geographic Global warming is due to strengthened greenhouse effect The Earth has a natural temperature control system. Certain atmospheric gases are critical to this system and are known as greenhouse gases. On average, about one third of the solar radiation that hits the earth is reflected back to space. The Earth's surface becomes warm and as a result emits infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases create a natural greenhouse effect. However, human activities are causing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to increase. Greenhouse effect

4. Earth’s energy budget Source: Nasa, Atmospheric Science Data Center

5. Strengthening of greenhouse effect is due to increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere The six greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol: • Carbon dioxide orCO2 • Methane orCH4 • Nitrous oxide or N2O • Perfluorocarbons or PFC compounds • Hydrofluorocarbons orHFC compounds • Sulphur hexafluoride or SF6 Other greenhouse gases: • Ozone orO3 • Brominecompounds or halogens, e.g. CF3Br • Freons or chlorofluorocarbons orCFC:s • Water vapour or H2O (g) • Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased markedly as a result of human activities! Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

6. Different greenhouse gases have different meaning to global warming Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

7. Meaning of carbon dioxide to global warming • Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. • The primary source of the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide results from fossil fuel use in power and heat production as well as transport. • The change of land use provides another significant but smaller contribution. • The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds by far the natural range over the last 650,000 years. Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

8. Industry Sources of EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions Industry

9. The global atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has increased

10. Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases correlates with temperature

11. According to researches earth’s mean temperature has risen in the 20th and the 21st century Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

12. According to measurements the temperature is rising

13. Different reconstructions of mean temperature have been published by researchers

14. Sea level is rising

15. Change in volume of glaciers Cumulative Change in Volume of Arctic Glaciers since 1960

16. The average temperature is rising but our choices make a difference Multi-model averages and assessed ranges for surface warming Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

17. Effects of climate change Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

18. Examples of major projected impacts on agriculture, forestry and ecosystems Virtually certain (>99%) is, that • Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments • Increased insect outbreaks Very likely (90-99%) is, that • Increased danger of wildfire. • Damage to crops, soil erosion and inability to cultivate land due to heavy precipitation events Likely (66-90%) is, that • Intense tropical cyclone activity increases damage to trees, crops and coral reefs • Salinisation of freshwater systems due to high sea level Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

19. Examples of major projected impacts on water resources Virtually certain (>99%) is, that • Effects on water resources relying on snow melt and some water supplies Very likely (90-99%) is, that • Water quality problems, e.g., algal blooms • Adverse effects on quality of surface and groundwater; contamination of water supply; water scarcity may be relieved Likely (66-90%) is, that • More widespread water stress • Power outages causing disruption of public water supply • Decreased freshwater availability due to saltwater intrusion Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

20. Examples of major projected impacts on human health Virtually certain (>99%) is, that • Reduced human mortality from decreased cold exposure Very likely (90-99%) is, that • Increased risk of heat-related mortality • Increased risk of deaths, injuries and infectious, respiratory and skin diseases Likely (66-90%) is, that • Increased risk of malnutrition and water- and food borne diseases • Intense tropical cyclone activity and floods increase risk of deaths, injuries and diseases Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

21. Examples of major projected impacts on industry, settlement and society 1/2 Virtually certain (>99%) is, that • Reduced energy demand for heating • Increased demand for cooling • Declining air quality in cities • Reduced disruption to transport due to snow and ice • Effects on winter tourism Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

22. Examples of major projected impacts on industry, settlement and society 2/2 Very likely (90-99%) is, that • Reduction in quality of life for people in warm areas without appropriate housing • Disruption of settlements, commerce, transport and societies due to flooding Likely (66-90%) is, that • Water shortages for settlements, industry and societies • Disruption by flood and high winds • Costs of coastal protection versus costs of land-use relocation; potential for movement of populations and infrastructure Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

23. Impacts of climate change in Finland • Climate will warm up in the Nordic countries and Arctic region especially in winter • Winter season will become shorter and days with snow cover will became less usual • Period of growth will become longer • Precipitation will increase specially in winter, but not necessarily in summer • Frequency of heavy precipitation events increases in every season • Coniferous forest zone moves north Source: www.ilmastonmuutos.info, www.ilmasto.org

24. Energy production and consumption

25. Total energy consumption has increased substantially in Finland *Tähän diaan on liitettynä muistiinpanoja

26. Electricity consumption has increased even more than energy consumption

27. Final energy consumption by sectors in Finland 2006

28. Electricity consumption by sector in Finland 2007 (90,3 TWh)

29. Electricity supply by energy sources in Finland 2007(90,3 TWh)

30. Net supplies of electricity in Finland 2007 (90,3 TWh)

31. Market share of space heating in Finland 2006

32. Fuel consumption in production of district heat and CHP in Finland 2007

33. Fuel consumption in production of district heat and CHP in Finland 1976-2007

34. Fuel shares of district heating and CHP in different areas of Finland year 2007

35. Electricity supply in the Nordic countries 2006

36. Electricity consumptionin the Nordic countries 2006

37. Total gross electricity generation in Europe 2006 

38. * Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations Source: Eurostat , European Commission Gross electricity generation by Fuel – EU-27 2005

39. Final energy consumption in Europe 2006

40. Final energy consumption by fuel - EU27 2005

41. Final energy intensity in Europe 2006 per capita

42. Final energy consumption by sector – EU-27 2005

43. Electricity consumption by sector EU-27 2005

44. Global total primary energy supply is increasing

45. Regional shares of world’s total primary energy supply 2005

46. Use of all fuels has increased globally

47. Fuel shares of world’s total primary energy supply

48. Increasing of electricity generation has been even faster than world’s total primary energy supply

49. Fuel shares ofelectricity generation 2005

50. Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of world’s electricity generation by regions (TWh)