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Learn how pharmacogenomics, the study of genes and drug response, is revolutionizing medicine by tailoring treatments to individual genetic profiles.
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Pharmacogenomics North Carolina DNA DayON DEMAND
What is Pharmacogenomics? Pharma = drug or medicine Genomics = the study of genes R X
What is Pharmacogenomics? Pharma = drug or medicine Genomics = the study of genes Personalized medicine tailored to your genes R X
Case Study – Breast Cancer Patients Tumoricide
No Effect/Hurt Helped Tumoricide
No Effect/Hurt Helped Tumoricide Why?
How do scientists make personalized medicine? You Your cells Your DNA Picture credit: adapted from Riken Research: http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/5514
How do scientists make personalized medicine? You Your cells It’s all about what makes YOUR genetic code UNIQUE Your DNA Picture credit: adapted from Riken Research: http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/5514
Genetic Code: DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) contains all the information necessary to make a complete organism DNA is composed of a combination of 4 nucleotides
Genetic Code: DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) contains all the information necessary to make a complete organism DNA is composed of a combination of 4 nucleotides A Adenine
Genetic Code: DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) contains all the information necessary to make a complete organism DNA is composed of a combination of 4 nucleotides A T Adenine Thymine
Genetic Code: DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) contains all the information necessary to make a complete organism DNA is composed of a combination of 4 nucleotides A C T Adenine Thymine Cytosine
Genetic Code: DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) contains all the information necessary to make a complete organism DNA is composed of a combination of 4 nucleotides A G Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine C T
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene RNA: A single-stranded copy of one gene. RNA
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene RNA: A single-stranded copy of one gene. RNA Protein: Proteins are composed of amino acids. Amino acids are made from triplets of nucleotides called codons.
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene RNA: A single-stranded copy of one gene. Codon 1 Protein: Proteins are composed amino acids. Amino acids are made from triplets of nucleotides called codons.
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene RNA: A single-stranded copy of one gene. Codon 1 Codon 2 Protein: Proteins are composed amino acids. Amino acids are made from triplets of nucleotides called codons.
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene RNA: A single-stranded copy of one gene. Codon 1 Codon 2 Amino acid 2 Amino acid 1 Protein: Proteins are composed amino acids. Amino acids are made from triplets of nucleotides called codons.
The Central Dogma: DNARNAProtein DNA: A long double-stranded string of nucleotides that encode for many genes. Gene RNA: A single-stranded copy of one gene. Codon 1 Codon 2 Amino acid 2 Amino acid 1 Protein: Proteins are composed amino acids. Amino acids are made from triplets of nucleotides called codons. Protein!
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Met
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val Leu
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val Leu Ser
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val Leu Ser Pro
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val Leu Ser Pro
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT ATG GTG CTG TCT ACT Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val Leu Ser Pro
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT ATG GTG CTG TCT ACT Amino Acids/Protein: Amino Acids/Protein: Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Ser Ser Thr Pro
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT ATG GTG CTG TCT ACT Amino Acids/Protein: Amino Acids/Protein: Met Val Leu Ser Pro Met Val Leu Ser Thr Words: Tom and Sam are bad
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT ATG GTG CTG TCT ACT Amino Acids/Protein: Amino Acids/Protein: Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Ser Ser Thr Pro Words: Tom and Sam are bad Words: Tom and Sam are sad
A small change in the gene sequence can result in a very different protein DNA: DNA: ATG GTG CTG TCT ACT ATG GTG CTG TCT CCT Amino Acids/Protein: Amino Acids/Protein: Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Ser Ser Thr Pro Words: Tom and Sam are bad Words: Tom and Sam are sad Changes in DNA are called variations or mutations Variations in the DNA (genotype) can cause observable changes (phenotype) in individuals
Variationsin our DNA make us UNIQUE!
No Effect/Hurt Helped Tumoricide Why does Tumoricide work on some patients but not on others?
What are the reasons a person would react differently to drugs? • Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug • Other physiological traits that enable you to respond to a drug • How your body processes the drugs after receiving it
Drugs and Receptors Cell
Drugs and Receptors Receptor (Protein) Cell
Drugs and Receptors Receptor (Protein) Cell
Drugs and Receptors Drug (Ligand) Receptor (Protein) Cell
Drugs and Receptors Drug (Ligand) Receptor (Protein) Cell
Your DNA and Drugs Variation in genes can cause variation in receptors Cell
Your DNA and Drugs Variation in genes can cause variation in receptors Cell
Your DNA and Drugs Variation in genes can cause variation in receptors Cell Cell Cell
Your DNA and Drugs Variation in genes can cause variation in receptors Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell
Your DNA and Drugs Variation in genes can cause variation in receptors Too Many (hypersensitive) Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell
Your DNA and Drugs Variation in genes can cause variation in receptors Too Many (hypersensitive) Too Few (hyposensitive) Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell