Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

2. Key Ideas • Definition of quantitative and qualitative Research • Development of quantitative research • Development of qualitative research • Differences between quantitative and qualitative in the process of research • Design procedures within your approach • Use of quantitative or qualitative approach Educational Research 2e: Creswell

3. Qualitative Research A type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects data consisting largely of words (or text) from participants, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner. Definitions of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Quantitative Research A type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study, asks specific, narrow questions, collects numeric (numbered) data from participants, analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner. Educational Research 2e: Creswell

4. The Development of Quantitative Research: Historical Trends • Statistical Procedures • Test and Measurement Practices • Research Designs Educational Research 2e: Creswell

5. Historical Trends: Quantitative Statistical Procedures • Correlational procedures • Comparing groups • Cause/Effect relationships Educational Research 2e: Creswell

6. Historical Trends: Quantitative Testing and Measurement • Testing mental abilities (late 19th century) • Measuring achievement (e.g. SAT) • Predicting achievement from standardized measurements Educational Research 2e: Creswell

7. Historical Trends: Quantitative Research Designs • Educational Surveys (late 19th century) • Simple Experiments (early 20th century) • Multiple groups and tests (by 1935) • Longitudinal designs • Books on research design (e.g. Kerlinger 1964) Educational Research 2e: Creswell

8. The Development of Qualitative Research: Major Themes • Philosophical Ideas • Procedural Developments • Advocacy Practices Educational Research 2e: Creswell

9. Historical Trends: Qualitative Philosophical Ideas • Naturalistic Inquiry or Constructivism • consider the participant’s point of view • describe participant’s view within a setting or context • This is an alternative perspective to traditional research Educational Research 2e: Creswell

10. Historical Trends: Qualitative Procedural Developments • Central Phenomenon rather than research question or hypothesis • Methods such as interviews, observations and interviews • Designs such as case studies, grounded theory and narrative Educational Research 2e: Creswell

11. Historical Trends: Qualitative Advocacy Practices • The qualitative researcher is not objective, politically neutral observer • The qualitative researcher is an observer of the human condition • The meaning of the research is plural, political and open • The project is collaborative and participatory Educational Research 2e: Creswell

12. Identifying a Problem Reviewing the Literature Specifying a Purpose Collecting Data Analyze and Interpret Data Report and Evaluate Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in the Process of Research Quantitative Characteristics Steps in the Research Process Qualitative Characteristics • Exploratory/ • Understanding • a Central Phenomena • Descriptive/Explanatory • Major Role • Justify Problem • Minor Role • Justify Problem • Specific and Narrow • Measurable/Observable • General and Broad • Participants’ Experience • Pre-determined Instruments • Numeric Data • Large numbers • General, emerging form • Text or image data • Small Number • Text Analysis • Description and Themes • Larger Meanings of Findings • Statistical • Description of Trends • Comparisons/Predictions • Flexible and Emerging • Reflexive and Biased • Standard and Fixed • Objective and Unbiased Educational Research 2e: Creswell

13. Ways in Which Quantitative and Qualitative Research are Similar • They both follow the steps in the process of research • Format for reporting the research problem is the same • Both have data collection steps Educational Research 2e: Creswell

14. Identifying a Problem Reviewing the Literature Specifying a Purpose Collecting Data Analyze and Interpret Data Report and Evaluate How Procedures or Research Designs Relate to Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Steps in the Process of Research Two Approaches Steps in the Research Process Research Designs Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative • Experimental • Correlational • Survey Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative • Mixed • Action Quantitative Qualitative • Ethnography • Grounded Theory • Narrative Quantitative Qualitative Educational Research 2e: Creswell

15. Non-Intervention Research Intervention Research Associating or relating variables in a predictable pattern for one group of individuals Explaining whether an intervention influences an outcome for one group as opposed to another group Describing trends for the population of people Survey Research Experimental Research Correlational Research Quantitative Designs and Uses Educational Research 2e: Creswell

16. Exploring common experiences of individuals to develop a theory Exploring the shared culture of a people group Exploring individual stories to describe the lives of people Ethnographic Research Grounded Theory Research Narrative Research Qualitative Designs and Uses Educational Research 2e: Creswell

17. Using quantitative and qualitative data for individuals to study problems that they face in their setting Combining quantitative and qualitative data to best understand and explain a research problem. Mixed Methods Research Action Research Combined Designs and Uses Educational Research 2e: Creswell

18. How Do You Choose Whether to Use the Quantitative or Qualitative Approach? • Match the approach to the problem • Fit the approach to your audience • Relate the approach to your experiences Educational Research 2e: Creswell