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FIRE SAFETY

FIRE SAFETY - Aims to minimise consequences of fires. PREVENTIONmake sure fires don't startPRECAUTIONSminimise the damage from firePROCEDURESaction to take in the event of fire. HAZARDS OF FIRE. flames and heattoxic/combustible smoke and gasesstructural failure of buildingsoxygen depletion.

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FIRE SAFETY

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    1. FIRE SAFETY NEBOSH Certificate

    2. FIRE SAFETY - Aims to minimise consequences of fires PREVENTION make sure fires don’t start PRECAUTIONS minimise the damage from fire PROCEDURES action to take in the event of fire

    3. HAZARDS OF FIRE flames and heat toxic/combustible smoke and gases structural failure of buildings oxygen depletion

    4. FIRE TRIANGLE - principles of combustion

    5. Sources of fuel

    6. SOURCES OF IGNITION - examples Radiant or convected heat from heaters friction hot surfaces chemical sparks smoking electricity [static or mains] internal combustion engines tools Flame

    8. Spread of fire Conduction - spread of heat energy through solids; Convection - heat transfer through a fluid or gas, involving expansion and movement; Radiation - emission of heat energy through electromagnetic radiation in the infra-red part of the spectrum, which is then absorbed by matter to varying degrees

    9. Extinction of fires Remove one element or more of fire triangle, by: starving it of fuel; smothering it to exclude oxygen; cooling it to reduce temperature. Fire-fighting revolves around these principles

    10. Causes of fires Arson discarded cigarettes and matches faulty plant & equipment flammable liquids & materials storage & use hot processes heating appliances combustible wastes Arson accounted for 41% of the 43,600 fires that occurred in non domestic premises in 1999 [source: Home Office]

    15. Interaction of fire legislation

    16. The Building Regulations 1991: Approved Document B ‘Fire safety’ Covers ‘means of escape’; internal fire spread (linings and structure); external fire spread; access and facilities for the fire service. Requirements do not apply retrospectively, but will apply to new buildings, or modifications, etc to existing buildings

    17. BS5588 parts 1 – 11 Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings Escape routes – horizontal and vertical Number of escape routes Travel distances within each storey Width of exits and escape routes Number of persons per floor Fire compartmentation Fire resistance

    18. BS5588-11:1997 Escape distances

    20. Means of escape ‘ A route that can be followed by an occupant, unaided or without risk from fire, that will lead to safety’ clear marking of route, H’&Safety (Signs & Signals) Regs 1996 + BS 5499: 1990 ‘Fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols, parts 1 & 3

    21. Escape [2] Calculated ‘Time available for escape’ greater than ‘Time needed for escape’ time available calculated on assessment of time from fire start and its making escape route unsafe; time taken for everyone to evacuate once the fire has been discovered & warning given. More than one route - 25m(HR), 32m(Norm sleeping area), 45m(NR), 60m(LR); One route - 12m(HR), 16m(NR sleeping), 18m(NR except factories), 25m(incl. Factories), 45m(LR).

    22. Escape [3] Protected and unprotected zones Escape distances [18m hazardous processes, 45m offices] Fire compartments Fire doors - self-closers, smoke seals, etc

    23. Number & width of exits - Escape [4] There should be enough available exits of adequate width, from every room, storey or building. Adequacy is assessed on: doorways min. width 0.75m for upto 40 people/minute; doorways min. width 0.8m for wheelchair users; doorway min. width 1m for upto 80 people/minute; where more than 80 people/minute need to escape, the min. width should be increased by 0.075m for every additional 15 people. Calculate above on the people in the building divided by the ‘time available for escape’

    24. Building fabric - Building Regs 1991, Approved Document B 0.5 or 1 hour fire resistance of doors, walls and ceilings materials from which escape routes constructed; Fire resistance of load bearing elements of structure; Compartmentation, to reduce spread of fire, complementary to construction of escape routes; Other - external fire spread, fire service access, ventilation

    25. EVACUATION PROCEDURE - the recommended order of business 1. evacuate the building by the fastest route 2. sound the fire alarm 3. call the fire brigade 4. assemble at the designated location

    26. FIRE DRILLS legal requirement effective means of escape training exercise practice evacuating the building by the fastest route and use of assembly points test emergency procedures role of fire marshals to aid evacuation and prevent re-entry

    27. Fire Precautions Act 1971 All premises meeting certain criteria must have a valid fire certificate; hotels, boarding houses > 6 people, or bedrooms above/below ground floor; workplaces, ie. Factories, OSRP premises 20+ in workplace at one time, or; 10+ above ground floor, or; explosives or HFs stored or used Cert. Issued subject to adequacy of escape routes, alarm systems, fire fighting equipment, etc

    28. Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regs 1997 (99) Require provision and maintenance of measures to detect, fight and warn of fires, ensure safe evacuation Now, with MHSWR, require FRAs for premises Revising FRAs ensures steady improvement, and covers buildings not included in FPA 71 and fire certificates

    30. Building management of fire risks Good housekeeping by those responsible for managing buildings is a combination of: Following fire risk assessment/Fire Certificate recommendations; Constructing compartments, fire escape routes, and installing fire detection and alarm systems as necessary; Reducing potential for fuels and ignition sources to mix; Maintaining readiness to evacuate safely through organising staff, instruction and training, conducting fire drills and reviewing performance of people and systems.

    31. BS 5839, part1:2002 - Fire detection and alarm systems Manual - ie. People, who trigger the alarm system by activating a break-glass Automatic - detectors placed carefully and sensitive to heat, smoke or combustion products

    32. BS5839 part 1: 2002 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings Purpose of fire alarm systems – protection of life and property; System categories: M Manual systems; L [1 – 5] incorporate automatic fire detection to some degree, for the protection of Life; P [1 – 2] incorporate automatic fire detection to protect Property.

    33. Fire alarms Triggered by automatic smoke or heat detectors or person activating a break-glass Audible warning, klaxon or bell (can also be visual [flashing lights] for deaf, or vibrating pagers for deaf/blind) can be shouting ‘fire!’ or hand-bell in small premises Detection & alarm systems to comply with BS5839: part 1

    34. Classification of Fires - BS EN 2 A - Free burning materials, paper, wood, plastics etc. B - Flammable liquids, petrol, meths, solvents etc. C - Flammable gases, methane, hydrogen etc. D - Metals, potassium, sodium, magnesium etc. Electricity can be involved in any class of fire

    35. Water extinguishers

    36. Foam extinguishers

    37. Powder extinguishers

    38. Carbon dioxide [CO2] extinguishers

    39. Other fire fighting equipment Hose reels Fire blankets Automatic sprinklers Carbon dioxide/Halon systems Drenchers

    40. HFL & LPG Regs - definitions HFLs - flashpoint (below 32o C) and combustibility. Test methods in schedules 1 & 2 of Regs. LPG - commercial butane, commercial propane, or combinations thereof.

    41. Storage Suitable fixed storage tanks in safe positions; suitable closed vessels in open air and protected from direct sunlight; or closed vessels in storerooms in safe position or fire resisting structure; or in workroom in fire resisting cupboard which is fire resisting structure.

    42. Precautions against spills and leaks Conveyed through factory in vessels designed to prevent spills. Process use to be kept as low as r.p. Steps taken to prevent storage tanks from leaking. Spills should be drained off to a safe place.

    43. Example references: Fire Precautions Act 1971 Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 [as amended] Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document B ‘Fire Safety’ [not retrospective] BS5588 ‘Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings’ [parts 1-11] BS5839 pt 1:2002 ‘Fire detection and alarm systems for buildings’

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