Cells Part II

1. Cells Part II Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

2. 300 Milliosmoles Solute Concentration of Cells 0.9% NaCl

3. Concentration of Solutions Amount of solutes dissolved in water • Normal Saline or Physiological Saline • 300 millisomoles = 0.9% NaCl • Ringers Solution • Contains NaCl and other salts that make it more similar to blood plasma • 300 milliosmoles

4. 1% NaCl 0.2% NaCl Hypertonic A solution with a higher concentration than another Hypertonic

5. 1% NaCl 0.2% NaCl Hypotonic A solution with a lower concentration than another Hypertonic Hypotonic

6. 0.9% NaCl Isotonic A solution with the same concentration as another 0.9% NaCl

7. Osmosis Water moves across a membrane to the side with a higher concentration of Solutes

8. 300 Crenate 350 Cell in a Hypertonic Solution

9. Swell 300 Lyse 250 Cell in a Hypotonic Solution

10. 300 0.9% 300 Cell in Isotonic Solution No net movement of water 0.9%

11. Isotonic Solutions • Have the same amount of solutes as body cells • 300 Milliosmoles • 0.9% NaCl • 5% Glucose

12. Isotonic IV Solutions • Normal Saline or Physiological Saline • 0.9% NaCl • D5W (Dextrose 5% in Water) • 5% Glucose • Lactated Ringers • Glucose, lactic acid, salt

13. Tonicity Hypotonic Water Hypertonic Sea Water D5 1/2 NS Hypertonic

14. 300 mosm 310 mosm Which Way Will Fluid Move?

15. Fluid Balance • Fluid leaving body = Fluid entering body • Right amount of fluid in each compartment

17. Electrolyte Balance • Having the right concentration of various ions in the body • Sodium • Potassium • Calcium • Magnesium

18. Fluids and Electrolytes • Electrolytes attract fluids by osmosis • Loss of fluids results in a loss of electrolytes • IV therapy is often needed to restore fluid balance, electrolyte balance or both

19. Organs that Regulate Fluid and Electrolyte Balance • Brain • Adrenal glands • Kidneys

20. Decreased volume of ECF or Increased osmolarity of ECF Hypothalamus Decreased saliva Thirsty Increase ECF Drink Fluid Hypothalamus of the Brain

21. Adrenal Gland

22. Hypothalamus & Kidneys

23. Application Problem 1 • Richard works as a roofer. He is in the hot sun many hours a day. As a result he loses water by perspiration. How does his body maintain homeostasis?

24. Answer to Problem 1 • The hypothalamus will make more ADH causing the kidneys to produce less urine. • His hypothalamus will make him thirsty. This will cause him to drink a lot of liquids

25. Application Problem 2 Dawn urinates many times during the day but is able to sleep all night without the need to urinate. How do you explain this?

26. Answer to Problem 2 • The kidneys produce less urine when you are asleep because the hypothalamus secretes more ADH during sleep.

27. Application Problem 3 Claudia has had diarrhea for the past two weeks. Her potassium level is only 25% of the normal value. Why is her potassium so low?

28. Answer to Problem 3 • Claudia has lost a lot of fluid and with this fluid she has lost potassium. • She will need to be given potassium immediately or her heart may develop arrhythmias and stop beating.

29. Application Problem 4 Melissa has been unable to eat anything following her surgery. Her doctor has ordered an IV of D5W. Why did he do this?

30. Answer to Problem 4 • The fluid in the D5W will replace fluid she will naturally lose. • The sugar will provide an energy source for her body.

31. Application Problem 5 Dr. Quack has told Sally she needs to flush the poisons out of her body. He has been giving her an IV of distilled water twice a week. What are the risks to Sally of this treatment?

32. Answer to Problem 5 • Distilled water is hypotonic to blood cells. • Many of the red blood cells will lyse creating a burden on the liver to cleanse the blood. • Lack of blood cells could make Sally anemic.

33. Application Problem 6 Mike has had a severe head trauma. There is swelling on his brain. His doctor has ordered an IV of 20% glucose. Why did he do this?

34. Answer to Problem 6 • 20% glucose is hypertonic. • It will attract fluid from the brain into the blood.

35. Application Problem 7 Paul has a history of hypertension. His doctor has placed Paul on a low salt diet. What is the rationale for the low salt diet?

36. 300 mosm 310 mosm Answer to Problem 7 • Salt will make Paul’s blood hypertonic. • Fluid will move by osmosis into his blood. • Increased blood volume will increase blood pressure.

37. Ion • Atom or molecule with a charge

38. Solution • A mixture of two or more substances • Salt water • salt • water

39. Solvent • A substance that dissolves solutes in a solution • Water

40. Solute • Substance that dissolves in a solution • Salt is a solute in salt water • Sugar is a solute in sugar water

41. Turgor • Tightness of the skin or a membrane • Poor skin turgor is a sign of dehydration

42. Equilibrium • When something is balanced with its environment • A cell in a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell

43. 0.9% NaCl Cell in Equilibrium 0.9% NaCl

44. Dehydration • Condition of excessive water loss

45. Osmotic Pressure • Measure of the tendency of a solution to attract water by osmosis • Osmotic pressure increases when the difference in solute concentration between two solutions increases

46. 0.9% NaCl 0.9% NaCl Which Solution has the Greater Osmotic Pressure? 1% NaCl 3% NaCl

47. Milliosmole • Unit of measurement of all the solutes in a solution • Blood has a concentration of 300 milliosomoles

48. Edema • The accumulation of excess interstitial fluid in interstitial spaces (between cells) • Causes swelling • May be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries • congestive heart failure • hypertension • pregnancy

49. The End