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II. CELLS

II. CELLS. Quick write (10 points) If you go from one cell (at conception) to 10 14 cells (as an adult), does this violate the 2 nd law of Thermodynamics? Explain. Chapter Goals (cells structure). After studying this chapter, students should be able to

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II. CELLS

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  1. II. CELLS • Quick write (10 points) • If you go from one cell (at conception) to 1014 cells (as an adult), does this violate the 2nd law of Thermodynamics? • Explain

  2. Chapter Goals (cells structure) After studying this chapter, students should be able to 1. describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain its functional significance. 2. state which cells in the human body transport themselves by amoeboid movement and explain how they perform this movement. 3. describe the structure of cilia and flagella, and state some of their functions. 4. explain the functions of the cytoskeleton, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. 5. describe the structure of the cell nucleus and explain its significance. 6. describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and explain how they function in the secretion of proteins. 7. describe diffusion and explain its physical basis. 8. explain how non-polar molecules, inorganic ions, and water can diffuse through a cell membrane. 9. state the factors that influence the rate of diffusion through cell membranes.

  3. Chapter Goals (cells structure) After studying this chapter, students should be able to 10. define the term osmosis and describe the conditions required for osmosis to occur. 11. define the terms osmolality and osmotic pressure and explain how these factors relate to osmosis. 12. define the terms tonicity and distinguish between isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. 13. describe the characteristics of carrier-mediated transport. 14. describe the facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes, and give examples of where this occurs in the body. 15. explain the processes of phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis. 16. explain what is meant by active transport and describe how the Na+/K+ pumps work.

  4. II. CELLS • A. Protoplasm • B. Membranes • C. Morphology • D. Transport

  5. A. Protoplasm 1. Water - 70-85% (0.3 nm) 2. Electrolytes (ions) - K+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, SO4--, PO4-3, HCO3-, Cl- are most abundant 3. Proteins - 10-20% a. Structural b. Enzymes 4. Lipids - 2-3% (most in membranes) 5. Carbohydrates - 1% (glycogen; energy source)

  6. B. Membranes 1. Composition • Proteins • Phospholipids 2. Fluid- Mosaic Models of Structure

  7. 3.3

  8. C. Morphology 2.1

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum 2.2

  10. Golgi & ER 2.4

  11. Golgi 2.5

  12. Mitochondrion 2.10

  13. Microtubule 2.18

  14. Axonal Transport 2.19

  15. Cilium 2.21

  16. Microfilament 2.18

  17. Amoeboid Movement 4th Ed 2.25a

  18. Sol-Gel Reversibility 2.25b

  19. Cytoskeleton 2.25

  20. D. Transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated Diffusion • Active Transport • Filtration • Bulk Transport

  21. Diffusion • Net random movement of substances toward a lower concentration.

  22. 3.11

  23. Diffusion Rate • Fick’s Law • Q= DC.P .A/MW .DX • Q = Diffusion Rate • DC = Concentration gradient of substance • P = Permeability of membrane to substance • MW = Molecular weight of substance • DX = Distance (thickness)

  24. Diffusion Assignment • Which dye has larger molecules? • What does this tell you about diffusion? • Why do the liquids diffuse faster than the solids?

  25. Effect of Lipid Solubility • Lipid soluble - substances pass through membranes freely (e.g. O2, CO2). Likes dissolve likes. • Not lipid soluble - Substances excluded or must pass through channels (gates)(e.g. Na+).

  26. 3.12

  27. 6.13

  28. Osmosis • Net random diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

  29. 3.14

  30. 3.15

  31. 3.16

  32. 3.17

  33. 3.14

  34. Tonicity • ___tonic iso (equal) hyper (greater than) hypo (less than)

  35. Osmotic pressure • pressure required to stop osmosis

  36. 6.6

  37. 6.9

  38. Transport Kinetics 6.16

  39. Carrier-mediated Transport • Facilitated Diffusion -- carrier is typically proteinaceous) -- down concentration gradient • Active Transport -- against concentration gradient

  40. 3.19a

  41. 3.19b

  42. 3.19c

  43. 3.21

  44. 3.22

  45. 3.23

  46. Bulk Transport • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis) • Exocytosis • Secretion • Excretion)

  47. 2.9a

  48. 2.9b

  49. 2.9c

  50. 2.6

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