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Review

Review. Apostolic Church in Egypt St Mark School of Alexandria Successors of St Mark Martyrdom Persecution is Biblical Truth The Ten Waves of Roman Persecution The Change Over. Monasticism Total Consecration is Biblical Truth Forms and Where Leaders: Men and Women Councils

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Review

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  1. Review • Apostolic Church in Egypt • St Mark • School of Alexandria • Successors of St Mark • Martyrdom • Persecution is Biblical Truth • The Ten Waves of Roman Persecution • The Change Over • Monasticism • Total Consecration is Biblical Truth • Forms and Where • Leaders: Men and Women • Councils • The Three Ecumenical Councils • The Schism

  2. Ecumenical Councils (4th to mid 5th Century) NiceaArius: Denied the Abba Alexandros 318 June 325 Divinity of the Son Abba Athanasius The Creed Apollinarius: The Logos Abba Athanasius 3 volume book replaced the human spirit ConstantinopleMacedonius: Denied Abba Timotheos 150 March 381 the Divinity of the Spirit Creed extended EphesusNestorius: Separation Abba Cyril 200 June 431 in the Nature of Christ (Pillar of Faith) Union; Theotokos Ephesus IIEutyches: Denied the Abba Dioscorus 130 August 449 humanity of Christ Affirming the faith Chalcedon To reconsider the Abba Dioscorus ? October 451 outcome of Ephesus II Schism

  3. Problems from Chalcedon 451 A.D. • New formula of the faith concerning the nature of Christ (Christology): “In Two Natures” (Tome of Leo) instead of “Of Two Natures” • Two groups: Monophysites = one nature, and Diophysites = two natures • Political wish to bring down Alexandria and set-up Constantinople in its place as the leader of the Eastern Churches • The desire of Leo, Archbishop of Rome, to realize his Papal Supreme Authority over the Universal Church • St. Dioscorus, Archbishop of Alexandria, was exiled to the island of Gangara and a Patriarch, Proterius, supported by the rulers, was appointed in his place • Several attempts to reconcile the differences; e.g. “Henoticon” = the instrument of unity, by Emperor Zeno; and “Monothelitism” = the one-will formula, by Emperor Heraclius. • Egypt fell to the hands of the Persians from 617 to 627 A.D. - another form of suffering; then it was restored to the Byzantine Rule. • The Coptic Church which carried the Cross and suffered oppression, even at the hands of Sister Churches, experienced the invisible hand of God supporting Her.

  4. Church History

  5. Arab Rule (mid 7th to mid 9th Century) • Arab Conquest 641 A.D. • Appointment of Cyrus Patriarch and Ruler over Egypt; persecution of the Copts and the escape of Abba Benyameen (Benjamin), the 38th Pope. • Factors that helped the success of the invasion • Religious dispute between the Copts and the Byzantine rulers • The religious and economics motives of the Arabs • Conditions imposed • Adopting the Islamic faith • Death by the sword • Paying tributes • Burning the Library of Alexandria • Persecution under the Arab rule • Financial burdens: taxes and penalties • Loss of job and social status • Restricting building and renewing of churches • Dress and language pressures • The number of Copts at that time was estimated at 25-30 million

  6. Arab Rule (mid 7th to mid 9th Century) • Egypt as a Colony under the Arab Rulers (642 - 868 A.D.) • Caliphs 642 – 661 Saudi Arabia (Mecca, Medina) • Umayyads (Omayyads) 661 - 750 Syria (Damascus) • Abbassids 750 - 868 Iraq (Baghdad)

  7. Arab Rule (mid 9th to mid 16th Century) • Egypt as an Independent State under the Arab Rulers (868 - 1517 A.D.) • Important Reference: Stanley Lane-Poole, History of Egypt in the Middle Ages. • Tulunids & Ikhshids 868 - 969 • Ahmad Ibn Tulun - killed 18,000; severe financial penalties for the Copts • Said Ibn-Kateb Al-Faraghani: architect (saved the churches) and martyr • Fatimids 972 - 1171 • Al-Muizz and Pope Abraam Ibn-Zaraa: moving the mountain • St. Sawiris (Severus) Ibn-Al-Moqaffaa: great historian • Al-Hakem: severe persecutions - fighting the Coptic language • Ayyubids 1171 - 1250 • Crusades (1096 - 1292) • Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi: persecution from both Muslims & Crusaders • Mamluks 1250 - 1517 • Worst era of Islamic persecution; e.g. the year 1320 was worst in church destruction and Christian killing; all energies in the country were directed towards humiliating the Copts (the Muslim historian, El-Maqrizy) • Unity attempt between Rome and the Copts in 1438/39 • St. Barsoum El-Erian - the serpent in the cave of St. Mercerius’s Church

  8. Arab Rule (mid 16th to end 18th Century) • Egypt under the Turkish rule – Ottoman Empire (1517 - 1801 A.D.) • El-Muallem Ibrahim El-Gawhary • The French Expedition (1798- 1801 A.D.)

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