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Enzymes

Enzymes. What Are Enzymes?. Most enzymes are Proteins ( tertiary and quaternary structures) Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction Not permanently changed in the process. Enzymes. Are specific for what they will catalyze Are Reusable End in – ase - Sucrase -Lactase

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Enzymes

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  1. Enzymes

  2. What Are Enzymes? • Most enzymes are Proteins (tertiary and quaternary structures) • Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction • Not permanently changed in the process

  3. Enzymes • Are specific for what they will catalyze • Are Reusable • End in –ase -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase

  4. How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

  5. Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Free energy of activation Reactants Products Progress of the reaction

  6. Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate Joins Substrate

  7. Active Site Enzyme • A restricted regionof an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Active Site Substrate

  8. Induced Fit • A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site • Induced by the substrate

  9. Induced Fit Active Site substrate Enzyme induced fit • A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved). • Induced by the substrate.

  10. What Affects Enzyme Activity? • Three factors: 1. Environmental Conditions 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes 3. Enzyme Inhibitors

  11. 1. Environmental Conditions 1. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions)

  12. 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes • Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. • Example: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure-hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

  13. Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme Competitive inhibitor a. Competitive inhibitors: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Substrate

  14. Inhibitors b. Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. Noncompetitive Inhibitor Enzyme active site altered Substrate

  15. Lab Design Requirements • 1 • hypothesis • controls • dependent variable • independent variable • 2 • materials • 3 • procedures • Everything needs to be written out in detail. One paper per lab group. Due by the end of class.

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