G8 General Science 3 rd Unit

1. G8 General Science 3rd Unit Chalk and Talk

2. Unit Question How do we know the laws and language of Chemistry?

3. Chalk and Talk • What is Chemistry? • Chemistry is the study of all matter, which must be either a pure substance or a mixture. • On a new page in your notebook, write down what you know about Chemistry.

4. Chalk and Talk • Now write down what you would like to know about Chemistry

5. Lab Safety

6. Learning Objectives • To know and follow basic lab safety rules. • To identify hazards in the laboratory.

7. Write down a list of all the things going wrong in this lab. • For each of your answers, write a safety rules.

8. Lab Safety How many safety rules can you remember from last lesson?

9. Do not enter a lab unless a teacher is present • .

10. No eating or drinking • .

11. Keep long hair tied back.

12. Never sit when heating

13. Accident waiting to happen

14. Wear safety goggles

15. Be quiet and sensible during lab work.

16. No bags in the gangway • .

17. Do not run in the lab.

18. Do not touch apparatus or taste chemicals

19. Report any breakages or spillages immediately.

20. Do not enter a lab unless a teacher is present. • No eating or drinking. • Keep long hair tied back. • Wear safety goggles. • Be quiet and sensible during lab work. • Do not run in the lab. • Do not touch apparatus until told. • Report any breakages or spillages immediately.

21. Risk Assessment • Before any expeirment, a risk assessment should be made. • You need to write down this assessment in your notebook and show the teacher.

22. Bunsen Burners

23. How to Light a Bunsen Burner • Check that all bags are on the shelves by the door. • Clear all planners/stationery away from working area. • Put your aprons and goggles on. Tie long hair back. • Connect the rubber tube to a gas tap. • Put the Bunsen burner on a heat proof mat. • Make sure the air hole is closed. • One person will light a splint from Bunsen at front. • Place the lit splint above the Bunsen. • Then turn on the gas tap. • Do not play with the Bunsen burner. • To turn the Bunsen off switch off the gas tap. Be careful as the apparatus will be hot!

24. Learning Objectives • To identify different hazard labels. • To describe what hazard labels mean. • To explain why it is important to label substances with hazard labels.

25. How many hazards are there in this picture?

26. Card Sort – Hazard Symbols Flammable– A substance that can catch fire easily. Biohazard - These are living organisms that may cause infection. Irritant - A substance that may cause irritation to the skin, eyes or inside your body. i Toxic - A substance that is poisonous if swallowed or breathed in. It may even go through your skin! Environmental Hazard - These substances damage or pollute the environment. Harmful – A substance that may cause harm in some way. h Oxidising - This type of substance gives of a large amount of heat when in contact with other substances. Corrosive - A substance that may destroy living tissue on contact. It causes a burn. Explosive - A substance that may explode if it comes into contact with a flame or heat. It may also explode due to friction or shock. Complete the worksheet once you have finished....

27. What materials have safety labels?

28. Splat i i h h

29. How much do I know about chemistry? • Look through chapter (ATOMS AND ELEMENTS) of Thinking Science 2, pages 84 -109) • Particle theory • States of matter • Pure substances and mixtures • Symbols of elements • Metals and non-metals • Compounds and some basic formulas.

30. Pre-assessment Activity • Activity: Periodic Table of Elements (worksheet)

31. Kinetic theory • Revise the fundamental ideas of the kinetic theory in terms of particle motion, forces and distance between them, linked to bulk property

32. Kinetic theory Mind map

33. Let´s look at particle theory models • www.bbc.co.uk/schools • Bitesize website ! • Look for particle theory.

34. States of Matter • States of matter • Mind Map Activity to revise • Changes in states of matter due to temperature • In groups, students can observe and record the changes in state of ice cubes. Beaker, bunsen burner, ice cubes, thermometer. Then draw graph. • Diagrams of the different states of matter

35. Kinetic Theory of Matter • Matter is composed of a large number of small particles—individual atoms or molecules—that are in constant motion. • The kinetic theory of matter explains how gases, solids and liquids behave. • Following from previous activity, students draw the different states of matter as particles.

36. Kinetic Theory of Matter Gas - a substance whose particles have enough kinetic energy to break all intermolecular forces of attraction. The particles of a gas move independently of each other. The particles move at random and in all directions.

37. Kinetic Theory of Matter • Liquid - a substance whose particles have enough kinetic energy to stretch the intermolecular forces of attraction. Collisions between the particles are strong enough to force the particles apart.

38. Kinetic Theory of Matter Solid - a substance whose particles have low kinetic energy. The particles of a solid are held close together by intermolecular forces of attraction. Because the particles are so close together, they appear to vibrate around a fixed point.

39. Atoms and Elements • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter • There are about 90 naturally occurring elements and each contains a different kind of atom.

40. The atoms differ in mass and number of sub-atomic particles, protons, neutrons and electrons. • The proton number = the atomic number • The mass number = protons + neutrons • The electrons = the protons

41. Atoms cannot exist on their own (exception noble gases), they MUST combine with other atoms to attain stability*. • * stability-atoms resistant to change. The more stable a substance is the less likely it is to change its chemical nature. • This combination in the elements gives the bulk structure. This may be individual molecules or a giant lattice for non-metals and a giant lattice for metals.

42. Atoms and Elements Elements and Symbols Periodic Table

43. Elements • Pure substances that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary processes • Are the building blocks of matter • 112 elements known today Examples: carbon gold calcium

44. Symbols of Elements • Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations • Capitalize the first letter only Examples: C carbon Co cobalt N nitrogen Ca calcium F fluorine Br bromine O oxygen Mg magnesium

45. Symbols from Latin Names Element Symbol Latin name Copper Cu cuprum Gold Au aurum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury Hg hydrargyrum Potassium K kalium Silver Ag argentum Sodium Na natrium Tin Sn stannum

46. % Major Elements in the Body O 65.0 % K 0.34 C 18.0 S 0.26 H 10.0 Na 0.14 N 3.0 Cl 0.14 Ca 1.4 Fe 0.004 P 1.0 Zn 0.003 Mg 0.50 Trace Elements As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V

47. Learning Check Select the correct symbol for each: A. Calcium 1) C 2) Ca 3) CA B. Sulphur 1) S 2) Sl 3) Su C. Iron 1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe

48. Solution Select the correct symbol for each: A. Calcium 2) Ca B. Sulphur 1) S C. Iron 3) Fe

49. Learning Check Select the correct name for each: A. N 1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickel B. P 1) potassium 2) phogiston 3) phosphorus C. Ag 1) silver 2) agean 3) gold

50. Solution Select the correct name for each: A. N 2) nitrogen B. P 3) phosphorus C. Ag 1) silver