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WATER MANAGEMENT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

WATER MANAGEMENT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH. Health related research at IWMI: Irrigation - domestic water supply linkages Vector borne diseases Example of water management for malaria control. Fifth IHP/IAHS George Kovacs Colloquium, Paris, 2-3 June 2000. Research Hypotheses.

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WATER MANAGEMENT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

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  1. WATER MANAGEMENT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Health related research at IWMI: • Irrigation - domestic water supply linkages • Vector borne diseases Example of water management for malaria control Fifth IHP/IAHS George Kovacs Colloquium, Paris, 2-3 June 2000

  2. Research Hypotheses • The operation of irrigation systems can be changed so as to achieve positive health impacts, without negative impacts on agricultural performance • Non-agricultural benefits of water use in irrigation systems are substantial and generally underestimated

  3. Multiple uses of water • Impact of irrigation water management • on shallow drinking wells

  4. WATER MANAGEMENT FOR MALARIA CONTROL: CASE STUDY FROM SRI LANKA

  5. Malaria in Sri Lanka • 500,000 cases per year • economic losses • Parasite • Mosquito • Water • Human behavior

  6. SRI LANKA HURULUWEWA WATERSHED Colombo HURULUWEWA YAN-OYA STREAM HABARANA

  7. STREAM WATER DEPTH AND VECTOR BREEDING Flowing Depth Pooling Pooling Flowing Depth DEPTH (cm) WEEKSLARVAE / WEEK 0 - 19 20 17.9 20 - 29 4 1.8 30 - 39 6 3.5 40 - 49 7 2.4 50 or more 26 0.7 Konradsen et al. 1998 There was a relationship between stream water depth and vector breeding

  8. Avg. annual total rainfall (mm)

  9. HURULUWEWA WATERSHEDANOPHELES CULICIFACIES IN RELATIONTO THE YAN-OYA STREAM DISTANCE FROM YAN-OYA STREAM (KM) Villages situated close to the stream had more vectors and a greater incidence of malaria than those located further away AN.CULICIFACIES(No. per house) MALARIA (Cases per 1000)

  10. Temporal fluctuation in Anopheles culicifacies and human malaria cases Number of larvae Number of adult mosquitoes Human malaria cases 1996 1994 1995

  11. Mahaweli System WATER BALANCE ESTIMATIONMatsuno et al. 1999 QV = QS + QR + RF - CL HABARANA RESERVOIR Rain Gauge ET QS COMMAND AREA 55 Ha YAN-OYA QR Deep Percolation QV Runoff (RF) Conveyance Loss(CL) Met. Station HURULUWEWA RESERVOIR

  12. HYDROLOGY & MOSQUITOES: SIMULATIONS 1. Water issued for 2 rice seasons (current practice) 2. Water issued for 1 rice season; diversified crops in 2nd season 3. Reservoir rehabilitation: seepage losses reduced 4. Mahaweli water redistributed over longer period 5. Extra 200,000m3 of water from Mahaweli system

  13. YAN OYA STREAM - SIMULATIONS CURRENT FLOW MODIFIED FLOW MATSUNO ET AL. 1999

  14. Cost of malaria control US$* Insecticide spraying 2.75 Impregnated bed nets 1.02 Larviciding 0.53 Water management 0.26 * Total annual cost per individual protected

  15. Alternate wet dry irrigation in rice cultivation • Water saving • Increased yields • Control of vector mosquitoes

  16. ON-FARM WATER MANAGEMENT - INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRIC. RESEARCH (ICAR) CenterSoilWater RegimeYield IncreaseWater Saving Orissa Loam 7 cm water 16% 44% 3 dry days Gujerat Clay 7 cm water 10-23% 20-29% 1 dry day T’Nadu Porous 5 cm water 25% 23% 1 dry day Kerala Sandy 7 cm water 77% 79% 1-2 dry days (Source: Batta, Singh & Sharma, 1998)

  17. AWDI STUDIES: WATER, YIELD & MOSQUITOES AREAYEARVECTOR PERCENTAGE CHANGE WATERMOSQYIELD Bali 1936 An. aconitus-75 -8 Portugal 1936-39 An. atroparvus-18 -80 +6/+8 China 1978-79 An. sinensis-53 -81 +13 Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus India 1990-91 Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus-750/+4 Kenya 1998-99 An. arabiensis (in press) India 1999-2000 Culex, Anopheles (in progress) Sri Lanka 2000 Culex, Anopheles (proposed)

  18. IMPLEMENTING WATER MANAGEMENT - CONSTRAINTS Engineers and irrigation managers: • Lack of knowledge and understanding of the problem • Lack of interest or commitment (“this is a health sector problem”) Health sector: • Unrealistic expectations, without an understanding of water dynamics and associated factors

  19. Criteria for effective use of water management for vector control Measures must be: • effective against target vector • socially acceptable • cost-effective • economically sustainable • compatible with local agricultural practices

  20. END

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