Unit 5 Notes

1. Unit 5 Notes Kingdom Animalia

2. Animal Characteristics: • Animals are complex and multi-cellular • Most animals can move • Animals are heterotrophs (consumers): • Herbivores (eat plants) • Carnivores (eat meat) • Omnivores (eat both) • Most animals reproduce sexually • Animal cells are eukaryotic

3. Animals need energy. Energy is stored in the food animals eat. This food must be processed through digestion. • After food is digested the energy stored in sugar and other carbon compounds is released through cellular respiration – this occurs in the mitochondria.

4. Animals interact with the environment and with other organisms: Behaviors are observable responses to stimuli – drinking is a behavior that is a response to thirst • Behavior – learned– an animal is capable of observing and copying behavior • Behavior – innate– these are things an animal is born knowing how to do Drinking from a cup is a learned behavior – while a newborn “drinking” from its mother is innate

5. Classifying animals: One of the many things a scientists looks at in order to group animals is their body symmetry. There are 3 types: • Radial • Bilateral • Asymmetry

6. Radial Symmetry Body parts are arranged in a circle around a central point

7. Bilateral Symmetry The two halves of the body are mirror images of each other bi = two lateral = sides

8. Invertebrates and Vertebrates Animals are divided into two large groups: • Invertebrates – animals with no skull or backbone. They make up about 95-97% of all animals • Vertebrates – animals with a skull and backbone. They make up about 3-5% of all animals

9. Classifying Animals Remember - Did King Phillip Come Over For Green Spaghetti?…The animal kingdom is divided into progressively smaller groups: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

10. (all animals) (Humans) Domain: Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimalia Phylum Chordata Class _______________ Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus _______________ Species _______________ Our scientific name: Homo sapien Homo sapien H. sapien (the second time you write it and each time thereafter…)

11. Invertebrates MOST animals are invertebrates. This means they are the least complex animals on earth and that they have no skull or backbone. Following are the major phyla of animals from least complex to most complex:

12. 1. Sponges:They live in the water, they do not move and they filter food from the water that surrounds them. Sponges can reproduce sexually and asexually.

13. Cnidarians: They live in the water. Their name means “stinging cells”. They have one central opening surrounded by tentacles. This is how they take food in and let trash out. (Jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras and corals) Cnidarians also reproduce sexually and asexually

14. Worms: Animals with soft, tube-shaped bodies. They have a distint head. Some live inside other animals, others live on land or in the water.

15. Segmented worms (earthworm) have well-developed, complex internal body sytems. They can reproduce sexually and asexually – there is no male or female worm – all have both types of reproductive structures.

16. Flatworms and roundworms are simple organisms – most live as parasites (tapeworm, pinworms and hookworms)

17. Mollusks : Animals with a muscular foot that allows them to move about and look for food. Some live on land (snails) while others live in the water (clams and octopus)

18. Echinoderms: The name means “spiny skin”. These are water animals that have a large central opening for taking in food (sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchin and sea cucumbers).

19. Arthropods This is the largest phylum of animals on earth (billion x billion). They all have jointed appendages. They live in the air, water and on land. (Insects, spiders, crabs, millipedes…)

20. Over 75% of all known animals are arthropods! All arthropods (arthro = joints pod = foot) have exoskeletons made of chitin.

21. Most arthropods have bodies with three distinct sections: head, thorax and abdomen. Arthropods have complex, well-developed body systems: nervous system, digestive system, and an open circulatory system.

22. Arthropods are either male or female and reproduce sexually. Many arthropods undergo metamorphosis – a process where the animal completely changes forms as it moves from a larva to pupa to its adult form.

23. Arthropods are the most diverse group of animnals on the planet. They have various adaptations that allow them to live in every type of habitat imaginable.

24. Vertebrates All vertebrates have a skull and a backbone. This backbone is located inside the body – endoskeletons. They only make up about 3-5% of the animals on our planet.

25. There are five large groups of vertebrates: • Fish (ectotherm = cold-blooded) • Amphibians (ectotherm = cold-blooded) • Reptiles (ectotherm = cold-blooded) • Birds (endotherm = warm-blooded) • Mammals (endotherm = warm-blooded)

26. Fish: Fish are the most abundant vertebrates on the planet and have adaptations that allow them to live in the water (fins, gills and a swim bladder) There are three types of fish: • Jawless • Cartilaginous • Bony Fish are either male or female and reproduce sexually. The female releases eggs in to the water and then the male swims by and releases sperm to fertilize them.

27. Jawless Fish Lampreys and hagfish are examples of jawless fish

28. Cartilaginous Fish Sharks, rays and skates are examples of these fish – the entire skeleton is composed of cartilage

29. Bony Fish This group consists of all the fish with skeletons made of bone – this is the group yhou usually think of when you think about fish. Fish are either male or female and reproduce sexually. The female releases eggs in to the water and then the male swims by and releases sperm to fertilize them.

30. Amphibians: These were the first vertebrates that adapted ot life on land. Amphibian means “double life” – they start life in the water and through metamorphosis they lose their gills, develop lungs and move to dry land as the become adults. Amphibianns are great “ecological indicators” they breathe air and absorb it through their moist skin – any changes in an ecosystem affect them first.

31. Amphibian examples: Include: caecilians, frogs and salamanders

32. Reptiles: They have dry, scaly skin and lay eggs with shells. Most reptiles have two pairs of legs and breathe through lungs. All of these adaptations allow them to spend most of their time on land. Examples: turtles, lizards, crocodiles and alligators

33. Birds: Birds live everywhere and are warm-blooded. Down feathers help keep the bird warm. Most birds can fly – adaptations for this include: wings, strong chest muscles and light skeletons. Contour feathers help the bird with flight. Birds have complex internal organ systems. Flying takes A LOT of energy, so birds must eat a high-energy diet and use oxygen efficiently.

35. Mammals (this is the class we belong to): Characteristics: • All mammals have hair on their bodies • Mammals have specialized teeth (matches diet) • Mammary glands – that produce milk for young • Need oxygen • Large, well-developed brains • Reproduce sexually

36. There are three types of mammmals: Monotremes – the platypus and echidnas lay eggs and feed their young through openings in the skin

37. There are three types of mammmals: Marsupials – kangaroos and koalas – give birth to live young that live in a pouch until they finish developing

38. There are three types of mammmals: Placentals – humans, dogs, bears…..

39. Placentals – again, this is us: • Develop inside the mother’s placenta (a fluid-filled sac) for a set period of time • This period of time is called the gestation period – for humans it is about 9 months • This time period allows the fertilized egg to develop into a newborn • The placenta connects the growing fetus to the mother and provides everything it needs to grow and develop • Placental mammals nurse their young after birth

40. History of Life on Earth – Evolution: Fossils – provide evidence of early life. They can be: • Bones • Bone fragments • Imprints • Preserved remains Fossil absolute age can be determined by radioactive dating, while the relative age of fossils can be found by comparing the age of one fossil with another The fossil record allows scientists to determine when species lived and died during Earth’s geologic history

41. A possible timeline for life… • Simple, unicellular organisms appeared about 3.8 billion years ago • Over time the simple cells evolved into more complex, multicellular organisms about 1.2 billion years ago – these early organisms lived in the ocean • About 500 million years ago organisms moved to dry land • These first land-dwelling oranisms were simple plants and fungi

42. Species “change over time” (evolve…) Charles Darwin came up with the ideas behind his theories of Natural Selection and Evolution while sailing around the Galapogas Islands. He noticed that the finches on each island had a different beak – that specifically matched the type of food available on that particular island

43. Natural selection (“survival of the fittest”) – means that the organism that is best adapted to its environment will survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those that aren’t as well-adapted. Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution.

44. Famous example of natural selection – Manchester, England and the peppered moths: • Before the industrial revolution – no pollution, white/grey tree trunks. Moths mainly white – birds flying by could easily spot the black moths on a light background – they were easy targets and quickly died out

45. After the industrial revolution, and subsequent pollution, tree trunks were now greyish/black, because they are covered in soot and ash • Now the white moths stand out and are easy targets for birds flying by – darker moths now survive and reproduce at a higher rate than white moths

46. What used to be an unfavorable trait is now a favorable trait…organisms change and adapt to their environment for survival • What will happen if the factories and pollution disappear and the tree trunks lighten again?

47. Speciation – is the evolution of a new species from an existing species when a population of species becomes isolated from other members of their species.

48. Evidence that supports evolution: • Observations • Fossil evidence – two species with a common ancestors can develop differently • Biological evidence – vestigial structures (physical structures that are no longer useful to an organism – hind legs for snakes or whales) • Genetic evidence