Unit 5 Biology Notes DNA

1. Unit 5 Biology NotesDNA Objective 1: Describe the structure of DNA. (shape, parts of a nucleotide, and location in the eukaryotic cell)

2. DNA • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) a nucleic acid that contains all of an individual’s hereditary or genetic information. • Shape: Double helix ladder

3. DNA Parts: • _____________: Pair up to form the rungs of the DNA twisted ladder. • Adenine(A) Complementary Base Pairs • Guanine(G) G – C • Cytosine (C) A – T • Thymine(T) Nitrogen Bases

4. DNA • __________: Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are bonded to a _____. • ________________: 5 carbon sugar that bonds with a _________ to form the sides of the DNA ladder.

5. DNA • Phosphates: Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are bonded to a _____. • ________________: 5 carbon sugar that bonds with a _________ to form the sides of the DNA ladder.

6. DNA • Phosphates: Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are bonded to a sugar. • ________________: 5 carbon sugar that bonds with a _________ to form the sides of the DNA ladder.

7. DNA • Phosphates: Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are bonded to a sugar. • Deoxyribose sugar: 5 carbon sugar that bonds with a _________ to form the sides of the DNA ladder.

8. DNA • Phosphates: Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are bonded to a sugar. • Deoxyribose sugar: 5 carbon sugar that bonds with a phosphate to form the sides of the DNA ladder.

10. DNA • Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made up of _______________, ____________ and ___________________. • Gene: A specific ____________ _________ in DNA that codes for one ______.

11. DNA • Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made up of one nitrogen base, ____________ and ___________________. • Gene: A specific ____________ _________ in DNA that codes for one ______.

12. DNA • Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made up of one nitrogen base, one phosphate and ___________________. • Gene: A specific ____________ _________ in DNA that codes for one ______.

13. DNA • Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made up of one nitrogen base, one phosphate and one deoxyribose sugar. • Gene: A specific ____________ _________ in DNA that codes for one ______.

14. DNA • Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made up of one nitrogen base, one phosphate and one deoxyribose sugar. • Gene: A specific nitrogen base sequence in DNA that codes for one protein.

15. DNA • Location: DNA is located in the ______ of the eukaryotic cell. • Chromosome: A molecule of ____ that is tightly coiled. • A bunch of ______ makes up one chromosome.

16. DNA • Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. • Chromosome: A molecule of ____ that is tightly coiled. • A bunch of ______ makes up one chromosome.

17. DNA • Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. • Chromosome: A molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled. • A bunch of ______ makes up one chromosome.

18. DNA • Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. • Chromosome: A molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled. • A bunch of genes makes up one chromosome.

19. DNA • Location: DNA is located in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. • Chromosome: A molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled. • A bunch of genes makes up one chromosome. • Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

21. Unit 4 Biology NotesDNA, Genes, and Chromosomes Objective 2: Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

22. DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes Use your book to answer the following questions. Use the index and glossary to help you find the correct pages. • What is the function of DNA? • What is a gene? • How are DNA and genes related? • What are chromosomes?

23. DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes • What is the function of DNA? To store genetic information • What is a gene? A gene is a section of the DNA molecule or chromosome that codes (carries the information) for making one protein.

24. DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes • How are DNA and genes related? Genes are a specific nitrogen base sequence in DNA. • What are chromosomes? A chromosome is a molecule/strand of DNA that is tightly coiled.

25. Unit 4 Biology Notes DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life Objective 3: Analyze the statement: “DNA is the unifying molecule of all living organisms.”

26. DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life All living things have DNA in their cells All DNA is made of the same four basic __________. All DNA has the same _____, _____ (nucleotides), and _______ The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the more closely _____ those organisms are to each other.

27. DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life All living things have DNA in their cells All DNA is made of the same four basic nucleotides. All DNA has the same _____, _____ (nucleotides), and _______ The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the more closely _____ those organisms are to each other.

28. DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life All living things have DNA in their cells All DNA is made of the same four basic nucleotides. All DNA has the same shape, _____ (nucleotides), and _______ The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the more closely _____ those organisms are to each other.

29. DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life All living things have DNA in their cells All DNA is made of the same four basic nucleotides. All DNA has the same shape, parts (nucleotides), and _______ The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the more closely _____ those organisms are to each other.

30. DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life All living things have DNA in their cells All DNA is made of the same four basic nucleotides. All DNA has the same shape, parts (nucleotides), and function The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the more closely _____ those organisms are to each other.

31. DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life • All living things have DNA in their cells • All DNA is made of the same four basic nucleotides. • All DNA has the same shape, parts (nucleotides), and function • The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the more closely related those organisms are to each other.

32. Unit 4 Biology Notes DNA vs. RNA Objective 4. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure. (number of strands, bases, sugars)

33. Differences between DNA and RNA

34. Unit 4 Biology Notes Protein Objective 5: Identify the importance of proteins in organisms.

35. Proteins are found in every living organism Functions of Proteins in the Body: • Catalyze reactions (enzymes) • Regulate systems by serving as chemical messengers (hormones) • Provide structure (cell membrane, cartilage, hair…) • Muscle contraction (muscles are made of contractile proteins) • Defend against foreign invaders/a part of the immune system (antibodies) • Transport (carrier proteins, hemoglobin) • Determine an organism’s physical traits!!!!

36. Unit 4 Biology Notes Protein Synthesis Objective 6: Explain the process of transcription in protein synthesis. (location, why, how) Objective 7: Explain the process of translation in protein synthesis. (location, why, how)

37. Protein Synthesis Process of _______ the information on ___ and using that ______ information to make _______ **It is the process of translating an organism’s ________ into its _________. • Genotype: • Phenotype:

38. Protein Synthesis Process of copying the information on DNA and using that ______ information to make _______ **It is the process of translating an organism’s ________ into its _________. • Genotype: • Phenotype:

39. Protein Synthesis Process of copying the information on DNA and using that copied information to make proteins **It is the process of translating an organism’s ________ into its _________. • Genotype: • Phenotype:

40. Protein Synthesis Process of copying the information on DNA and using that copied information to make proteins **It is the process of translating an organism’s genotype into its phenotype. • Genotype: • Phenotype:

41. Protein Synthesis Process of copying the information on DNA and using that copied information to make proteins **It is the process of translating an organism’s genotype into its phenotype. • Genotype: the information stored in DNA • Phenotype:

42. Protein Synthesis Process of copying the information on DNA and using that copied information to make proteins **It is the process of translating an organism’s genotype into its phenotype. • Genotype: the information stored in DNA • Phenotype: a physical trait

43. Protein Synthesis • ** One gene codes for one _______. • We say a gene is _________ when the protein it codes for is made.

44. Protein Synthesis • ** One gene codes for one protein. • We say a gene is _________ when the protein it codes for is made.

45. Protein Synthesis • ** One gene codes for one protein. • We say a gene is expressed when the protein it codes for is made.

46. Protein Synthesis There are two parts to Protein Synthesis: • Transcription • Translation

47. Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Requires: • mRNA • tRNA • a ribosome • amino acids

48. Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

49. Protein Synthesis There are three types of RNA • ____________________ carries copies of instructions for the assembly of proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell. • _________________ transfers amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis. • ___________________ makes up the major part of the ribosome.

50. Protein Synthesis There are three types of RNA • mRNA (messenger RNA) carries copies of instructions for the assembly of proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell. • _________________ transfers amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis. • ___________________ makes up the major part of the ribosome.