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Island evolution

Island evolution. Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands. Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris. Geospiza magnirostris strenua. Geospiza fortis. Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa. Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus. islands: 13.5% (35 500 spp).

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Island evolution

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  1. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands

  2. Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus

  3. islands: 13.5% (35 500 spp) mainland: 86.5% higher plant species (263 000 spp) islands: 3% mainland: 97% land surface of the world

  4. Higher plant species total nr endemic nr % species species endemic New Zealand 2371 2480 81.9 Madagascar 8000-10000 5000-8000 68.4 Hawaii 1180 906 89.9 Cook Islands 284 3 1.1

  5. Land snail species total nr endemic nr % species species endemic Madagascar 380 361 95 Hawaii ca. 1000 ca. 1000 99.9 Canary Islands 181 141 77.9

  6. Insect species Hawaii Drosophila species: 511 + 300

  7. Insect species Hawaii Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp. Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp.

  8. Insect species Hawaii Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp. Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp. Sarona plant bug: 40 spp.

  9. Insect species Canary islands 5700 spp., 2200 spp. endemic

  10. Insect species Tropical Pacific Lepidoptera 285 spp. 100 spp. one island endemics 28 spp. regional endemics

  11. Lizard species Tropical Pacific Scincidae 23 genera, 100 spp. 66 spp. one island endemics 13 spp. regional endemics 9 endemics

  12. Lizard species Canary Islands Lacertids 1 endemic genus: 7 extant spp.

  13. Lizard species Caribbean Anolis 400 spp. of Anolis 150 spp. on Caribbean islands

  14. 402 threatened (23%) 1132 threatened (11%) Bird species 10300 spp. of birds 1750 spp. confined to islands (17%)

  15. Mammal species Philippines (7000 islands) 84 genera, 170 spp. 111 endemics (64%) 24 endemics (29%)

  16. + + large, high, remote islands Comparisons among taxa Pacific Ocean Islands (26-30 islands) regional endemics local endemics butterflies 10% 35% birds 10% 65% skinks 13% 66% mammals 6% 54%

  17. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation

  18. allopatric speciation

  19. allopatric speciation

  20. allopatric speciation "sympatric" speciation

  21. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism

  22. Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008

  23. Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008

  24. gymnosphaera tripinnate clade bipinnate clade Miocene-Pleistocene

  25. gymnosphaera tripinnate clade bipinnate clade Pleistocene

  26. gymnosphaera tripinnate clade bipinnate clade Pleistocene

  27. Laurel, Seub franco Isoplexis canarienis Barbusano, Appollonias barbujana Laurel forest, Teneriffe, Canary Islands

  28. Azores Madeira Canaries

  29. Azores Madeira Canaries

  30. Azores Madeira Canaries

  31. Azores Madeira Canaries

  32. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy

  33. colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

  34. rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

  35. members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

  36. members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift drift and adaptive changes to different environment colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

  37. members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift drift and adaptive changes to different environment members of a derived population arrive at occupied island colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

  38. members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift competition, character displacement, reinforcement drift and adaptive changes to different environment members of a derived population arrive at occupied island colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind)

  39. Blue chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, Canary Islands

  40. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy

  41. discrete habitat models continuous resource models frequentie frequentie frequentie bekhoogte vruchtgrootte disruptive sexual selection disruptive natural selection

  42. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy

  43. ~ latitude island ~ age island ~ taxon Polyploid plants Juan Fernandez Islands 0% Canary Islands endemics 25.5% Canary Islands non-endemics 36.4% New Zealand gymnosperms 0% New Zealand angiosperms 63%

  44. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy Phylogeny: anagenesis, anacladogenesis, cladogenesis

  45. anagenesis progenitor species becomes extinct

  46. anacladogenesis progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species

  47. cladogenesis progenitor species is partitioned in two lines and becomes extinct in its original form

  48. Hawaiian honeycreepers, Drepanidinae, Hawaii

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