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Island evolution

Island evolution. Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands. Morphology Behaviour. Development of tameness. Falkland Islands fox, Dusycion australis , Falkland Islands. Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, Galapagos. Tamar wallaby, Macropus eugenii , Kangaroo Island.

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Island evolution

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  1. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Development of tameness

  2. Falkland Islands fox, Dusycion australis, Falkland Islands

  3. Blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii, Galapagos

  4. Tamar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, Kangaroo Island

  5. 30 20 Average flight initiation distance 10 0 Kangaroo Island New Zealand Tutanning Garden Island

  6. House mice, Mus musculus, feeding on Tristan albatross,Diomedea dabbenena, Gough Island

  7. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Development of tameness Relaxation in territoriality

  8. House mouse, Mus domesticus, Isle of May and UK mainland

  9. House mouse, Mus domesticus, Isle of May and UK mainland Gray & Hurst 1998

  10. Resource hypothesis Defence hypothesis Competition release Predation release Mild climate Abundant resources Increased survival of "have-nots" Increased territorial defence costs • Relaxation in territoriality • smaller territories • increased overlap • tolerance towards subordinates • reduced aggressiveness • abandonment of territorial defence

  11. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Life history Reduced fecundity

  12. breeding season instant food availability clutch size ~ population density winter Resource predictability hypothesis milder climate, reduced seasonality favours a reduction in clutch size Energy reallocation hypothesis predation relaxation, density compensation select for investment in fewer,higher quality young reduced clutch size higher quality young

  13. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Life history Reduced fecundity Changes in reproductive strategy Dioecy

  14. Monoecious Dioecious Hermaphrodite male male female female male female Tag alder, Alnus serrulata Lily, Lilium Holly, Ilex aquifolium

  15. Hawaii worldwide monoecious 5-6% monoecious 7.6% dioecious 6-7% dioecious 14.7% hermaphrodite 85% hermaphrodite 62.4%

  16. avoiding inbreeding depression sex allocation theory dioecy

  17. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Life history Reduced fecundity Changes in reproductive strategy Dioecy Loss of flower attractiveness

  18. Psychopsis papilio, South America Sun orchid, Thelymitra longifolia, New Zealand

  19. Bellflower, Campanula punctata, Izu Islands

  20. Honshu Bombus diversus Oshima Toshima Niijima Kozu Miyake Bombus ardens Mikura 0 100 km Hachijo Lasioglossum

  21. 30 Honshu 20 Oshima Niijima Toshima Corolla width (mm) Kozu Hachijo Miyake 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pollinator width (mm)

  22. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Life history Reduced fecundity Changes in reproductive strategy Dioecy Loss of flower attractiveness Anemophily

  23. Rhetinodendron berteroi, Juan Fernandez Islands

  24. Plocama pendula, Canary Islands

  25. Windy conditions allow wind pollination Inbreeding avoidance Anemophily Lack or paucity of animal pollinators

  26. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Life history Reduced fecundity Changes in reproductive strategy Dioecy Loss of flower attractiveness Anemophily Unusual pollinators

  27. 88% Bumble bee, Bombus canariensis, Canary Islands

  28. Mauritius ornate day gecko, Phelsuma ornata, Ile aux Aigrettes, Mauritius 71%

  29. 80% Aeonium holochrysum, Canary Islands

  30. Madeira wall lizard, Teira dugesii, Madeira

  31. Lilford's wall lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, Balearic Islands

  32. Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Morphology Behaviour Life history Reduced fecundity Changes in reproductive strategy Unusual dispersal agents

  33. Podarcis lilfordi, Balearic Islands Podarcis pityusensis, Balearic Islands Gallotia atlantica, Fuerteventura

  34. Robust skink, Cyclodina alani, New Zealand

  35. Aldabra giant tortoise, Dipsochelys dussumierri, Ile aux Aigrettes (Mauritius)

  36. Ile-aux Aigrettes ebony, Diospyros egrettarum, Ile aux Egrettes, Mauritius

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