Big Business & Industrial Cities

1. Big Business & Industrial Cities Chapter 5 Sherry Woods, Caywood Elementary School Lexington, TN

2. Introduction • Machines started to replace hand tools. • Inventors developed new technologies. • Important time for FREE ENTERPRISE • An economic system in which businesses have the freedom to offer for sale many kinds of goods and services.

3. Railroads • Transcontinental railroad – from the Atlantic to the Pacific • Lincoln’s election promise • 1862 Union Pacific Railroad • Central Pacific Railroad • Met at Promontory, Utah • Others also built tracks

4. Growth of Railroads • George Westinghouse • Air brake….made train travel safer • Granville T. Woods…improved the air brake and developed telegraph system to help trains and stations communicate.

5. Growth Problems • Needed more locomotives, cars, and tracks • Had to pay workers to lay tracks • Needed capital resources…money $$$ • Got some money from the government • Some from investors – invest to buy shares in the hope of making money. Shares are called stocks. • Corporations – businesses that sell shares • Railroad was the 1st business to become corporations!

6. Telegraph • Samuel Morse developed the Morse Code • Dots and dashes • Used electricity along iron wires

7. Railroads • Improved transportation • Expanded businesses across the entire country.

8. The Steel Industry • Locomotives became too heavy for iron • Used steel, but was more expensive • Inventors found a new way to make steel more cheaply • Henry Bessemer • Melted iron ore and other metals together • Blast furnace made steel stronger

10. Andrew Carnegie • Entrepreneur (set up new business and takes risks with money) • Built a steel mill in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania • Very successful • Built many more • Bought coal and iron mines, ships, so he could lower cost of his steel

11. Carnegie Steel Company • Biggest steel business in United States • He became one of the richest people in the world

12. The Oil Industry • John D. Rockerfeller • 24 years old • Built an oil refinery in Ohio • Refinery is a factory that makes crude oil into grease, kerosene, gasoline and other USABLE products. • Bought other refineries • Monopoly – almost complete control

13. New Industrial Cities • Inland cities • Close to resources needed by mills and refineries • Pittsburgh, Chicago, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan • Railroad hubs…cities where trains make stops on their way to other places.

14. Time Zones • 24 time zones worldwide • 6 time zones in the United States

15. Growing Pains Chapter 5: Lesson 2

16. Building Railroads • Needed 1000’s of workers • Most immigrants were from Ireland and China • Civil War Veterans • African Americans • Mexican Americans

17. Dangerous Work • 400 rails per mile • Pickaxes, shovels, and dynamite • Built bridges across canyons • Blasted through rock for tunnels • Chinese usually did the explosives • Lowered by basket • Drilled hole • Lit dynamite • Pulled up…in time…USUALLY!!!! • Worked year round in all kinds of weather • Avalanches, snowdrifts, and attacks

18. Work in Factories • So many workers….low wages • Didn’t make enough to support family • Kids had to work, too • 1910 made up 1/5 of all workers • 60 cents for 8 hrs. work • Walked 22 miles a day carrying glass • Unsafe machines so many accidents happened

19. Owners against Workers • Workers spoke out about problems • Some went on strike • Usually just got FIRED! • Formed labor union – group of workers who join together

20. Samuel Gompers • Early labor union leader • 13 years old worked as a cigar maker • Federation – made up of many member groups • AFL American Federation of Labor • Wanted 8 hr. days • Better working conditions • End to child labor • Accident insurance

21. Labor Unions and Strikes • Going on strike was the most important way unions had to get the owners’ attention • Sometimes became violent • Harvesting Machine Company strike • Bomb killed seven police

22. Homestead Strike • Carnegie steel mill • Announced a pay cut • Workers went on strike to protest • Detectives hired to protect the mill • Angry union workers and detectives got in a fight killing people from both sides

23. Government and Business • Wanted government to help improve working conditions • Factory owners did not want the government to get involved. • Government did not want to get involved. • Thought businesses would grow best if they left them alone to make decisions.

24. New Immigrants Chapter 5. Lesson 3

25. Asian Immigrants • Chinese immigrants came to United States after the California gold rush in 1849. • Faced prejudice from some Americans. • Had to pay a special tax. • Some were beaten and even killed. • When gold mines dried up, looked for other work. • Worked for low wages on the railroad so they could stay in the United States.

26. Stopping the Chinese • Many Americans wanted to stop other Chinese from coming to America. • Wanted the others to go back to China. • Americans were worried the immigrants would take away their jobs.

27. Unfair Laws • Chinese had to pay higher taxes. • Could not work for the states. • Not allow to sue in state courts. • Congress passed a law stopping all immigration by Chinese people.

28. Japanese and other Asians • Still allowed to move to the U.S. • Found jobs in agriculture (farming) • Some bought small farms in California and the southwest. • Later, they too, were mistreated. • U.S. convinced Japan to stop Japanese from leaving Japan

29. Mexican Immigrants • Lived mostly in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California • Few spoke English • Barrios, or neighborhoods of Mexicans helped Mexican immigrants feel at home. • They helped each other find jobs picking lettuce, tomatoes, and grapes.

30. Mexicans Mistreated • Like other immigrants, they were treated unfairly. • Some were beaten and killed.

31. European Immigrants • LARGEST GROUP of immigrants. • Nearly 16 million came between 1890 and 1920 • Britain, Ireland, Germany, Norway, and Sweden • Italy, Greece, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Armenia, and Russia

32. A Better Life in America • Poor and unhappy in their homelands. • Wanted a better life. • Came on ships • Ellis Island in New York • Most had to live with relatives or lived in crowded apartment houses called tenements. • Very low wages; everyone had to work.

33. Same Prejudice • Like other immigrants, Europeans were sometimes treated badly. • Sometimes even other immigrants who were already here were unkind to them because they didn’t want them to get their jobs.

34. Becoming a Citizen • No matter how bad it might be, most immigrants wanted to become a U.S. citizen. • They could then take part and vote and serve on juries in court.

35. Naturalization • Process for becoming a citizen • Had to live in U.S. for five years • Had to pass a test about the government and history of the United States. • Had to answer in English. • Had to take an oath of allegiance, or loyalty to U.S.

36. Migration by African Americans • Many African Americans moved west after the Civil War. • Later, however many moved to the North. • Settled in industrial cities to work in the factories.

37. The Great Migration • Why did they move North? • Farm workers in south suffering from floods, and an insect called the boll weevil. Cotton crops had been destroyed. • Children had to work all day in the field so they often got very little education. • Many factory jobs available in the North.

38. Life in the North • Better than the south for most • Living conditions were still poor • Lived in crowded neighborhoods • Faced prejudice just like in the south • GOOD PART • Children went to school • Parents could vote • Nearly half still live in the North and West

39. The Growth of Cities Chapter 5 Lesson 4

40. City Problems • Overcrowded tenemants • Disease spread rapidly • Insects and rates everywhere because garbage pick up was awful • Fire Danger • Wood buildings • Few full-time fire departments. • Chicago fire of 1871

42. City Problems (con’t) • Crime • More than police could handle • Gangs sometimes took over neighborhoods

43. Help for the Cities’ Poor • People tried to help fix problems • Jane Addams • Hull House settlement house (Community Center) • Provided kindergarten for children • Classes on sewing, cooking, and English • Helped try to do away with child labor • Tried to improve health and safety conditions in mills and factories

44. Hull House

45. More Help for the Poor • Janie Porter Barrett • African American teacher • Settlement house in Virginia • Lillian Wald • Henry Street Settlement in New York City • By 1900, over 100 Settlement Houses were open in American cities!!!

46. The Changing City • The Good Stuff Cities Offered • Parks • Theaters • Schools • Zoos • Railroad stations • Tall office Buildings

47. William Jenney’s Skyscraper • Used steel frames instead of bricks • Like a steel skeleton • Built the first skyscraper in 1885 in Chicago

48. Elevators: Going Up? • 1st electric elevator put into a skyscraper in New York City in 1889

49. Transportation Needed • Needed a way to get to work faster • Had been using streetcars pulled by horses • Andrew S. Hallidie invented the CABLE CAR…steam powered • Frank Sprague built electric cable car…called a trolley