Chapter 22 Cities and Sustainability

1. Chapter 22 Cities and Sustainability

2. Core Case Study: The Ecocity Concept in Curitiba, Brazil • Ecocity, green city: Curitiba, Brazil • Bus system: cars banned in certain areas • Housing and industrial parks • Recycling of materials • Helping the poor • New challenges

3. Solutions: Bus Rapid Transit System in Curitiba, Brazil Fig. 22-1, p. 586

4. City center Route Express Interdistrict Direct Feeder Workers Fig. 22-1b, p. 586

5. 22-1 What Are the Major Population Trends in Urban Areas? • Concept 22-1 Urbanization continues to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in less-developed countries.

6. Half of the World’s People Live in Urban Areas (1) • Urbanization • Creation and growth of urban and suburban areas • Percentage of people who live in such areas • Urban growth • Rate of increase of urban populations • Immigration from rural areas • Pushed from rural areas to urban areas • Pulled to urban areas from rural areas

7. Half of the World’s People Live in Urban Areas (2) • Push factors • Poverty • Lack of land to grow food • Declining labor market in agriculture • War, famine, conflicts • Pull factors • Jobs, food, housing • Education • Health care

8. Half of the World’s People Live in Urban Areas (3) • Four major trends • Proportion of global population living in urban areas is increasing • Number and size of urban areas is mushrooming • Megacities, hypercities • Urban growth slower in developed countries • Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized; mostly in less-developed countries

9. Urban Shanghai, Suburban Southern California, and Rural Malawi Fig. 22-2, p. 588

10. Urban Population Growth Fig. 22-3, p. 588

11. 5 4 World 3 Urban population (billions) 2 Less-developed countries 1 More-developed countries 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Year Fig. 22-3, p. 588

12. Global Outlook: Satellite Image of Major Urban Areas Throughout the World Fig. 22-4, p. 589

13. Delhi 18.6 million Hong Kong 15.8 million Beijing 22 million Shanghai 17 million Moscow 15 million Tokyo 32 million London 12.9 million Los Angeles 15.2 million New York 19.7 million Cairo 14.5 million Osaka 17.4 million Karachi 11.8 million Seoul 20.6 million Mexico City 20.5 million Lagos 13.4 million Manila 16.3 million Kolkata (Calcutta) 15.1 million Rio de Janeiro 12 million Bangkok 12 million Mumbai (Bombay) 19.2 million São Paulo 18.9 million Jakarta 18.9 million Dhaka 13 million Buenos Aires 13.1 million Fig. 22-4, p. 589

14. Typical Daily Traffic Jam of People, Carts, and Other Vehicles in Delhi, India Fig. 22-5, p. 589

15. Case Study: Urbanization in the United States (1) • Four phases between 1800 and 2008 • Migration from rural areas to large central cities • Migration from large central cities to suburbs and smaller cities • Migration from North and East to South and West • Migration from cities and suburbs to developed areas outside the suburbs = exurbs • Urbanization went from 5% to 79%

16. Case Study: Urbanization in the United States (2) • Environmental problems decreasing • Better working and housing • Better water and sanitation • Better health care • Older cities • Deteriorating services • Aging infrastructures • U.S. $2.2 trillion behind in infrastructure maintenance

17. Major Urban Areas in the United States Revealed by Satellite Images at Night Fig. 22-6, p. 590

18. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the Countryside (1) • Urban sprawl • Low-density development at edges of cities/towns • Contributing factors to urban sprawl in the U.S. • Ample land • Low-cost gasoline; highways • Tax laws encouraged home ownership • State and local zoning laws • Multiple political jurisdictions: poor urban planning

19. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the Countryside (2) • Megalopolis • Bowash • Caused many environmental and economic problems

20. Urban Sprawl in and around the U.S. City of Las Vegas, Nevada, from 1973 to 2000 Fig. 22-7, p. 591

21. Natural Capital Degradation: Urban Sprawl Fig. 22-8, p. 592

22. Natural Capital Degradation Urban Sprawl Land and Biodiversity Water Energy, Air, and Climate Economic Effects Loss of cropland Increased use and pollution of surface water and groundwater Increased energy use and waste Decline of downtown business districts Loss and fragmentation of forests, grasslands, wetlands, and wildlife habitat Increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants More unemployment in central cities Increased runoff and flooding Fig. 22-8, p. 592

23. NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Urban Sprawl Land and Biodiversity Water Energy, Air, and Climate Economic Effects Increased use of surface water and groundwater Increased energy use and waste Loss of cropland Decline of downtown business districts Loss of forests and grasslands Increased air pollution Increased runoff and flooding Increased unemployment in central city Loss of wetlands Increased greenhouse gas emissions Increased surface water and groundwater pollution Loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitats Loss of tax base in central city Enhanced global warming Decreased natural sewage treatment Stepped Art Fig. 22-8, p. 593

24. 22-2 What Are the Major Urban Resource and Environmental Problems? • Concept 22-2 Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty.

25. Urbanization Has Advantages (1) • Centers of: • Economic development • Innovation • Education • Technological advances • Jobs • Industry, commerce, transportation

26. Urbanization Has Advantages (2) • Urban residents tend to have • Longer lives • Lower infant mortality • Better medical care • Better social services • More recycling programs • Concentrating people in cities can help preserve biodiversity in rural areas

27. Urbanization Has Disadvantages (1) • Huge ecological footprints • Lack vegetation • Water problems

28. Urbanization Has Disadvantages (2) • Concentrate pollution and health problems • Excessive noise • Altered climate and experience light pollution

29. Natural Capital Degradation: Urban Areas Rarely Are Sustainable Systems Fig. 22-9, p. 594

30. Inputs Outputs Energy Solid wastes Waste heat Food Air pollutants Water Water pollutants Raw materials Greenhouse gases Manufactured goods Manufactured goods Noise Money Wealth Information Ideas London Fig. 22-9, p. 594

31. Noise Levels of Some Common Sounds Fig. 22-10, p. 595

32. Permanent damage begins after 8-hour exposure 85 Noise Levels (in dbA) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Normal breathing Quiet rural area Rainfall Vacuum cleaner Lawn mower Rock music Earphones at loud level Boom cars Whisper Quiet room Normal conversation Average factory Chain saw Thunderclap (nearby) Air raidsiren Rifle Fig. 22-10, p. 595

33. Life Is a Desperate Struggle for the Urban Poor in Less-Developed Countries • Slums • Squatter settlements/shantytowns • Terrible living conditions • Lack basic water and sanitation • High levels of pollution • What can governments do to help?

34. Global Outlook: Extreme Poverty in Rio de Janeiro Slum Fig. 22-11, p. 596

35. Case Study: Mexico City • Urban area in crisis • Severe air pollution • Water pollution • 50% unemployment • Deafening noise • Overcrowding • Traffic congestion • Inadequate public transportation • 1/3 live in slums (barrios)or squatter settlements • What progress is being made?

36. Photochemical Smog in Mexico City Fig. 22-12, p. 597

37. 22-3 How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts? • Concept 22-3 In some countries, many people live in widely dispersed urban areas and depend mostly on motor vehicles for their transportation, which greatly expands their ecological footprints.

38. Cities Can Grow Outward or Upward • Compact cities • Hong Kong, China • Tokyo, Japan • Mass transit • Dispersed cities • U.S. and Canada • Car-centered cities

39. Motor Vehicles Have Advantages and Disadvantages (1) • Advantages • Mobility and convenience • Jobs in • Production and repair of vehicles • Supplying fuel • Building roads • Status symbol

40. Motor Vehicles Have Advantages and Disadvantages (2) • Disadvantages • Accidents: 1.2 million per year, 15 million injured • Kill 50 million animals per year • Largest source of outdoor air pollution • Helped create urban sprawl • Traffic congestion

41. Los Angeles Freeways Fig. 22-13, p. 599

42. Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but It Can Be Done (1) • Full-cost pricing: high gasoline taxes • Educate consumers first • Use funds for mass transit • Opposition from car owners and industry • Lack of good public transit is a problem • Rapid mass transit • Difficult to pass in the United States • Strong public opposition • Dispersed nature of the U.S.

43. Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but It Can Be Done (2) • Raise parking fees • Tolls on roads, tunnels, and bridges into major cities • Charge a fee to drive into a major city • Car-sharing

44. Case Study: Zipcars • Car-sharing network • Rent by the hour • Saves money for many people

45. Some Cities Are Promoting Alternatives to Car Ownership • Bicycles • Heavy-rail systems • Light-rail systems • Buses • Rapid-rail system between urban areas

46. Trade-Offs: Bicycles Fig. 22-14, p. 601

47. Trade-Offs Bicycles Advantages Disadvantages Are quiet and non-polluting Provide little protection in an accident Take few resources to make Provide no protection from bad weather Burn no fossil fuels Are impractical for long trips Require little parking space Secure bike parking not yet widespread Fig. 22-14, p. 601

48. Trade-Offs: Mass Transit Rail Fig. 22-15, p. 601

49. Trade-Offs Mass Transit Rail Advantages Disadvantages Uses less energy and produces less air pollution than cars do Expensive to build and maintain Cost-effective only along a densely populated corridor Use less land than roads and parking lots use Causes fewer injuries and deaths than cars Commits riders to transportation schedules Fig. 22-15, p. 601

50. Trade-Offs: Buses Fig. 22-16, p. 601