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An American Renaissance: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

Deism. Enlightenment rationalism stressed humanity's goodness and encouraged belief in social progress and individual perfectionJefferson and Franklin were deistsWorld is smoothly operating machineUniverse planned then left aloneBible not literal, skeptical of miraclesJesus may not be divine. Unitarians and Universalists.

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An American Renaissance: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

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    1. Chapter 13 An American Renaissance: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

    2. Deism Enlightenment rationalism stressed humanitys goodness and encouraged belief in social progress and individual perfection Jefferson and Franklin were deists World is smoothly operating machine Universe planned then left alone Bible not literal, skeptical of miracles Jesus may not be divine

    3. Unitarians and Universalists Unit: oneness and benevolence of God, people good and reason and conscience over creeds and literal interpretations of Bible all eligible for salvation churches aka Unitarian Universalists poorer people all could be saved God too merciful to condemn anyone to eternal punishment all souls will eventually harmonize with God

    4. Second Great Awakening: frontier revivals Camp meetings traveling revivals Baptists simple doctrine and organization authority of Bible people are sinners universal redemption adult baptism equal before God salvation by free will Methodists salvation by free will centralized org used circuit riders

    5. Second Great Awakening: Charles Finney and Burned-over District 1830-31 number of churches in New England grew by 1/3 BO District in W NY Finney an evangelist got 100,000 conversions in 6 mos

    6. Second Great Awakening: Mormons Joseph Smith 1820 at 14 vision from God warning religious denominations wrong At 17 Moroni visited Book of Mormon 1830 start church upset other Christians moved from NY-OH-MO-IL (Nauvoo)- city of 12,000

    7. Second Great Awakening: Mormons Plural marriage polygamy Nauvoo attacked and Smith arrested lynched Brigham Young Utah by 1848, irrigation, cities, businesses, etc. 1849 Congress incorporated Utah Territory Young made governor by 1869 80,000 in Utah

    8. Transcendentalism Rising above limits of reason Led in Europe by Immanuel Kant and Samuel Taylor Coleridge used Quaker idea of inner light (intuition) 1836 Transcendental Club met in Boston Free thinkers

    9. Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau Emerson: Essayist, poet, speaker - Optimism, self-reliance, and individuals unlimited potential Thoreau: wanted plain living and high thinking went to live in woods at Walden Creek not a hermit Didnt like Mexican War didnt pay tax jailed wrote Civil Disobedience

    10. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately . . . And not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived

    11. Literature Main poets: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., James Russell Lowell also Emily Dickinson, but not publ until dead Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were read in Britain Edgar Allen Poe horror stories and poetry Hawthornes Scarlet Letter and House of the Seven Gables Melvilles Moby Dick Whitmans Leaves of Grass

    12. Walt Whitman Simple man of simple life Leaves of Grass publ in 1855 Criticized for sexual references and indifference to rhyme and meter Our first poet laureate

    13. Newspapers 1847 Richard Hoe of NY invented rotary press 20,000 sheets/hr Cheap papers turned it into popular entertainment content expanded

    14. Education public schools 1840 78% total population literate, 91% white pop 1830s demand for govt schools poor parents want kids to learn Horace Mann led drive for statewide school system also got state-supported training for teachers, state associations for teachers, and minimum school yr of 6 mos

    15. Education higher ed 9 colleges began in colonial period and still existed Usually 100 students or less at colleges Girls usually just got elementary education Female seminaries founded by Mary Lyon and Emma Willard different curriculum than boys schools

    16. Reform Observation of Sabbath, dueling, crime and punishment, work conditions, vice, handicapped care, pacifism, foreign missions, temperance, womens rights, abolition, etc. Rise of urban middle class gave women time to work on these projects

    17. Temperance 1810 census 14,000 distilleries with 25m gallons alcohol produced in a year Factories dangerous placed to be drunk Hurt families 1826 Boston ministers organized American Society for Promotion of Temperance lectures, press campaigns, essay contests local and state societies 1833 national convention American Temperance Union formed

    18. Prisons Rehabilitation idea arose Prisons were where went to await death or punishment Become penitentiaries Auburn Penitentiary in NY 1816 separate cells group labor and eating severe discipline no talking less crime in penits

    19. Asylums PA Hospital in 1751 care for lunatics Usually confined at home or in jails 1815 separation between criminals and insane Dorothea Dix taught Sunday school class at prison found mistreated insane campaigned for reform and spread thru US

    20. Womens rights Catherine Beecher founded womens schools in CT and OH published guide of domestic sphere of women A Treatise on Domestic Economics Cult of domesticity womens place is in the home No vote, no control property, no to most professions, no college, no will, no sign contract, couldnt sue without husbands permission

    21. Advocates for Womens rights 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton called convention to discuss womens rights Seneca Falls Convention July 19, 1848 issued Declaration of Sentiments After 1850 more work done for women lots of struggles Susan B. Anthony began to help 1860s 12 states allowed women control over property

    22. Utopian communities: Shakers >100 Utop. Communities between 1800-1900 Shakers: Mother Ann Lee God genderless and she was female incarnation of God By 1830 ~ 20 groups property held in common Members free to leave Great farms, clothing, house items, and furniture

    23. Utopian communities: Oneida John Humphrey Noyes With conversion comes perfection complex marriage free love arrested and fled to Canada Steel animal trap inventor joined led to silverware 1881 became joint stock company

    24. Utopian communities: New Harmony Robert Owen 900 people Secular anti-factory system Fell apart

    25. Utopian communities: Brook Farm George Ripley High thinking and plain living Had school that drew tuition from outside Building burned on day of dedication and community fell apart

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