The Renaissance & Reformation

1. The Renaissance & Reformation Chapters 13 & 15

2. Renaissance • Renaissance= “Rebirth” change from ancient/medieval times to modern • Applied to cultural changes= more emphasis on “self” instead of religion • Humanism: focused on individual & intellectual achievement; studied classic culture of Greece & Rome • Humanities: subjects of rhetoric, poetry, history • Petrarch= humanist poet

3. Italian Renaissance • Italy= birthplace of Renaissance and of Catholic Church, center of Roman Empire • Catholic Church= patron of the arts • Italy= Center of trade, good location

4. Renaissance Art • Art reflected humanist ideas & techniques • Perspective: allowed artists to create realistic scenes & looked 3-D • Leonardo Da Vinci • Michelangelo • Raphael

5. Writers • Book of Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione • How to be a well-mannered, well-educated, aristocrat or courtier • The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli • Guide for how rulers should gain and maintain power/ code of conduct These are both “how to” books!

6. Printing Revolution • Northern Europe= good economy • Printing Press: (1440)invented by Johann Gutenburg • 1455: First Bible printed • Printed books= easier to produce, affordable= PRINTING REVOLUTION!

8. Northern Renaissance • Flanders: Prosperous city of Renaissance--> center of trade • Painters used realism and vibrant colors to paint landscapes and religious scenes • Albrecht Durer: Italian painter & pioneer in spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Northern Europe • Made engravings popular & used religious themes

9. http://youtu.be/0CRX_mqpzdU

10. Renaissance Writers • Erasmus: translated Bible into vernacular to be understood by common people • William Shakespeare: poet/playwright wrote 37 plays, complex language, genius http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CRX_mqpzdU&feature=share&list=UUAiABuhVSMZJMqyv4Ur5XqA http://shakespeare.mit.edu/

11. What was the Renaissance? 2 Parts: • A shift in thought: • A focus on the right now & secular/“worldly”, rather than the religious/Heaven • New emphasis on individual achievement/self • An openness to experimentation: • Exploring the world (Columbus) • Scientific inquiry (Galileo, Copernicus) • Trying new techniques in art (Michelangelo) • Challenging religious doctrine (Luther)

12. Renaissance & Religion • 1500s Renaissance leads to religious confusion • People questioned the lavish lifestyles of the clergy (Popes & priests) • People questioned the authority of the Roman Catholic Church

13. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther: German monk in Wittenburg • Outraged that Church sold indulgences to Christians to pay for rebuilding of cathedral in Rome • Indulgences: replaced punishments for sins • 95 Theses: arguments against pope & Church nailed to church doors furious debate http://youtu.be/dt5AJr0wls0

14. Protestant Reformation • Charles V (5th): Holy Roman Emperor summoned Luther to assembly & ordered him to change 95 Theses • Luther refused, because he believed all Christians deserved equal access to God & Bible • Printing presses spread Luther’s message & it became the Protestant Reformation

15. Calvinists • John Calvin: challenged Catholic church in Switzerland & agreed w/ Luther • Predestination: belief that all events have already been determined by God • Set up theocracy (church+govt) & spread reforms, gained followers= Calvinists

16. Reformation Ideas Spread

17. Protestant Groups • Reformation spreads, new Protestant sects(groups) organize to influence many countries • Many rejected Catholic idea of infant baptism “children not old enough to make decision of salvation” • Gives rise to new denominations: Baptists, Amish, Methodists, etc…

18. English Reformation http://youtu.be/-fadCAHjN-s • Henry VIII: broke w/ Catholic Church to divorce wife, Catherine of Aragon • Had 1 child: Mary Tudor, but wanted son • Divorced Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn • Catholic pope refused to annul marriage

19. English Ref (cont) • Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII established himself as head of Church of England • Catholics refused to recognize this • Elizabeth I: daughter of Henry & Anne B • Takes throne after Mary dies (After Edward) • Edward VI: son of Henry w/ 6th wife, took throne @ age of 9 • Made many Protestant reforms

20. Catholic Reformation • Catholics wanted to end corruption w/in Church & revive Catholic faith Council of Trent, est. education • Mary Tudor restored Catholicism in England, est. Inquisition • Tortured & executed Protestants

21. Scientific revolution

22. The Center of the Universe • Heart of Scientific Revolution= mathematical reasoning • Before 1500s= earth was center of universe • Heliocentric: Sun-centered universe • Discovered by Nicolaus Copernicus (1543) • Tycho Brahe: provided evidence to support Copernicus’ theory

23. Earth, Space, & the Church • Johannes Kepler: used Brahe’s info to calculate planetary orbit • Galileo: assembled telescope & saw 4 moons of Jupiter • Attacked by society & the Church because he challenged Christian teachings

24. Science & Methods • Hypothesis: scientists used observations, experiments, & data to explain reasoning • Process became known as scientific method • Sir Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes= developed scientific method

25. Science of Change • Robert Boyle: explained matter is composed of particles chemistry • Isaac Newton: used mathematics to show planetary orbits & force of gravity • Also developed calculus to explain his theories