Physics of fusion power

1. Physics of fusion power Lecture 7: particle motion

2. Gyro motion • The Lorentz force leads to a gyration of the particles around the magnetic field • We will write the motion as The Lorentz force leads to a gyration of the charged particles around the field line Parallel and rapid gyro-motion

3. Typical values • For 10 keV and B = 5T. The Larmor radius of the Deuterium ions is around 4 mm for the electrons around 0.07 mm • Note that the alpha particles have an energy of 3.5 MeV and consequently a Larmor radius of 5.4 cm • Typical values of the cyclotron frequency are 80 MHz for Hydrogen and 130 GHz for the electrons • Often the frequency is much larger than that of the physics processes of interest. One can average over time • One can not necessarily neglect the finite (but small) Larmor radius since it leads to important effects.

4. Additional Force F • Consider now a finite additional force F • For the parallel motion this leads to a trivial acceleration • Perpendicular motion: The equation above is a linear ordinary differential equation for the velocity. The gyro-motion is the homogeneous solution. The inhomogeneous solution

5. Drift velocity • Inhomogeneous solution • Solution of the equation

6. Physics picture behind the drift velocity Physical picture of the drift • The force accelerates the particle leading to a higher velocity • The higher velocity however means a larger Larmor radius • The circular orbit no longer closes on itself • A drift results.

7. Electric field • Using the formula • And the force due to the electric field • One directly obtains the so-called ExB velocity Note this drift is independent of the charge as well as the mass of the particles

9. Electric field that depends on time • If the electric field depends on time, an additional drift appears Polarization drift. Note this drift is proportional to the mass and therefore much larger for the ions compared with the electrons

10. Consequences of the drifts • Assume a Force F on each ion in the x-direction • Electrons are stationary Drawing of the slab of plasma with a force F on the ions in the x-direction

11. Drift leads to charge separation • The drift of the ions leads to charge separation. • A small charge separation will lead to a large electric field, i.e. a build up of an electric field can be expected • This would lead to a polarization drift • Quasi-neutrality Drawing of the slab of plasma with a force F on the ions in the x-direction

12. Electric field evolution • The polarization drift balances the drift due to the force • The plasma remains quasi-neutral, and the electric field can be calculated from the polarization drift Drawing of the slab of plasma with a force F on the ions in the x-direction

13. The next drift : The ExB velocity • The electric field evolution • leads to an ExB velocity • Substituting the electric field

14. The ExB velocity • The ExB velocity • Satisfies the equation • Chain. Force leads to drift. Polarization drift balances the drift and leads to electric field, ExB velocity is in the direction of the force Motion due to the ExB velocity

15. Meaning of the drifts • In a homogeneous plasma Free motion along the field line ExB drift velocity. Provides for a motion of the plasma as a whole (no difference between electrons and ions) Polarization drift. Allows for the calculation of the electric field evolution under the quasi-neutrality assumption. Provides for momentum conservation. Fast gyration around the field lines

16. Drawing of the Grad-B force Inhomogeneous magnetic fields • When the magnetic field strength is a function of position the Lorentz force varies over the orbit • Taking two points A and B

17. Inhomogeneous magnetic field • Force due to magnetic field gradient is directed such that the particle tries to escape the magnetic field • Leads to the grad-B drift

18. Curvature drift • A particle moving along a curved field line experiences a centrifugal force • For a low beta plasma Centrifugal force due to the motion along a curved magnetic field

19. Scales as rv Scales as 1/L where L is the scale length of the magnetic field Drifts due to the inhomogeneous field • The drifts due to the inhomogeneous field (curvature and grad-B) • The drift due to the magnetic field in homogeneity is in general much smaller than the thermal velocity

20. All together …. Gyration Grad-B and curvature drift Pololarization drift Parallel motion ExB drift

22. Conserved quantities • In the absence of an electric field • Perpendicular energy is conserved • And consequently the total energy is conserved

23. More tricky ….. • Consider a changing magnetic field. An electric field is generated • Integrating over the area of the Larmor orbit

24. Acceleration • Derive a second equation for the integral of the electric field from • Solve through the inner product with the velocity • Integrate towards time

25. Acceleration • Integrate in time • Note the integration has the opposite orientation compared with the one from Maxwell equation. One is minus the other

26. Magnetic moment is conserved • The equation • The magnetic moment is a conserved quantity

27. Flux conservation • The magnetic moment is conserved • Calculate the flux through the gyro-orbit Drawing of the ring current of a particle in a magnetic field. The ring will conserve the flux which is related to the magnetic moment

28. The mirror • Theta pinch has end losses • But one could use the mirror force to confine particles • The mirror has a low B field in the centre and a high field near the coils • Particles moving from the centre outward experience a force in the opposite direction Drawing the mirror concept and the motion of a particle in the field (in red)

29. Mirror configuration • From magnetic moment conservation follows the perpendicular energy • Energy conservation then dictates that the parallel velocity must decrease Particle moving from A to B

30. Bouncing condition • Assume the particle moving from A to B is reflected in the point B Zero because the particle is reflected

31. The first key problem of the mirror • Only part of the particles are confined (Collisional scattering in the loss region will lead to a rapid loss of the particles from the device)

32. Second key problem of the mirror • The rapid loss of particles makes that the distribution of particles in velocity space is far from the Maxwell of thermodynamic equilibrium • The ‘population inversion’ can drive all kinds of kinetic instabilities