UNIT 1

1. UNIT 1 Introduction: definitions, classifications, tourism market components Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

2. MAIN FACTS AND FIGURES • tourism – a major driving force in the global economy • UNWTO, 2009: • 880 million – international tourist arrivals • US$ 852 billion (€ 611 billion) – international tourism receipts • 55% – Europe’s share in global tourism performance • France – top tourism receiving country of the World • WTTC, 2006: • 10.3% – tourism share in global GDP • US$ 6,477.2 billion – tourism global turnover • 234 million employees work in tourism (8.7% of global) Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

3. important, but not taken seriously • benefits from tourism are often seen as illusory • for many economies, tourism is dominant source of income, foreign currency, export gateway and employer • partly resistant to external shocks • big changes after 9/11 • tourism demands very high standards of professionalism, knowledge and application Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

4. MYTHS AND REALITIES • MYTH: The majority of tourism in the world is international. • REALITY: Global tourism is predominantly domestic. • MYTH: Most tourists travel by air. • REALITY: The majority of trips, both domestic and international, are taken by surface transport (mainly by car). • MYTH: Tourism is only about leisure holidays. • REALITY: Tourism includes business, conference and education trips as well. Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

5. MYTH: Employment in tourism means substantial travel and the chance to learn languages. • REALITY: Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality industry and involves little travel. • MYTH: Large multinational companies dominate tourism. • REALITY: The vast majority of tourism enterprises are SMEs. • MYTH: Tourism is a straightforward activity demanding little research and planning. • REALITY: Tourism is a complex multi-sectoral activity demanding high-level planning and research to succeed. Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

6. A TOURISM SYSTEM • TOURISM DEMAND (volatile, seasonal, irrational) • tourists or excursionists • travelling for leisure or other purposes • GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS • tourism generating region • tourist receiving region (tourism destination) • transit route region • TOURISM “SECTOR” (fragmented, inflexible, dominated by fixed investment costs) • businesses (SMEs) • organisations (public, professional, non-profit) • host society Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

7. An interdisciplinary approach to tourism study Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

8. different researches, different approaches (1): • economy (share in GDP, employment, exports, tax revenues, development costs, consumption, etc.) • sociology (customs, tradition, mobility, social contacts, etc.) • geography (resource availability, environmental protection, spatial planning, etc.), • technology (e-business, transport, marketing, business processes, etc.) • politics (poverty alleviation, cultural understanding, promoting World peace, etc.) • law (international business, travel formalities, etc.) • education (tourism studies, vocational studies, training, etc.) • … Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

9. different researches, different approaches (2): • demand (consumer behaviour, travelling and expenditure patterns, impact on local culture and environment, etc.) • supply (analysis of economic environment, cost/benefit analysis, seasonality, return on investments, funding, etc.) • public sector (regulations, public investments, taxation, associations, etc.) • host community (development costs and benefits, changes in behaviour, income revenues, ethnic structure, etc.) Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

10. WHAT IS TOURISM?Demand-side definition • tourist – as a word first time appeared in 1800 • centre of attention within the tourism system • tourism is highly demand-oriented economic activity • the journey and stay that take place outside the usual environment of residence and work • tourism is always a two-way travel other than taking up permanent residence or employment in the places visited • length of stay – min. 24 hours; max. 1 year • purpose of visit – leisure, business, education … Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

11. Defining a tourist Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

12. WHAT IS TOURISM?Supply-side definition • tourism – as a word first time appeared in 1811 • became interesting in mid 19th century • became important in late 1960s • today one of the World’s largest and fastest-growing economic activities • multidimensional, multifaceted activity, which touches many lives and many different economic activities (tangible and intangible goods) • conceptually, tourism consists of firms, organisations and facilities which are intended to serve the specific needsof tourists Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

13. TOURISM CLASSIFICATION – TWO WAYS • TYPES OF TOURISM • making as homogenous groups as possible from the amorphous mass tourism demand • related to a key variable • classification for statistical purposes • SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM • forms of tourism • directly related to tourism motives • classification for scientific research and development planning of tourism destinations Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

14. TYPES OF TOURISM • the most common approach: • domestic – activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference • inbound – activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference • outbound – activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference • internal – comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

15. national – comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference • international – comprises inbound tourism and outbound tourism; activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference and activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference. • intraregional – activities of resident visitors within the region of reference • interregional – activities of resident visitors outside the region of reference Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

16. the other common approaches are: • purpose of travel – holiday, business, VFR, other • distance – short-, medium-, long-haul • trip duration – excursion, weekend, vacation, transit • nationality – domestic, foreign (international) • organization of the trip – individual, package tours, combined • age – children, teenagers, family (or singles), seniors • place of stay – rural, urban, mountain, seaside • seasonal – low season, high season, no season • mode of transport – car, bus, plane, ship, train … • used accommodation – hotels, holiday village, camping, rented room/apartment, second homes … Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010

17. SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM • nature-based: health tourism (outdoor), sports tourism (adventure part), marine tourism, eco tourism, agrotourism, hunting & fishing tourism, bird watching tourism, nudist tourism, robinson tourism … • community-based: health tourism (wellness), sports tourism (recreational part), M.I.C.E. tourism, cultural tourism, gastronomy and wine tourism, event tourism, religious tourism, party tourism, gambling tourism, film-induced tourism … • other: shopping tourism, educational tourism, virtual tourism, escapism, sex tourism, dark tourism … Oliver Kesar, PhD: Introduction to Tourism; Winter Term, 2010