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Topik 3 Pengertian Metodologi Matakuliah Metodologi Penelitian (ESL398)

Delve into the concepts of method and methodology in economics, exploring theory appraisal, purpose of economic inquiry, sources of knowledge, and structure of scientific theory.

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Topik 3 Pengertian Metodologi Matakuliah Metodologi Penelitian (ESL398)

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  1. Topik 3PengertianMetodologiMatakuliahMetodologiPenelitian(ESL398) oleh: YusmanSyaukat DepartemenEkonomiSumberdaya & Lingkungan FakultasEkonomi & Manajemen IPB

  2. Pengertian Method & Methodology Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: • Method: (1) a planned way of doing something, especially one that a lot of people know about and use; (2) proper planning of the way that something is done • Methodology: the sets of methods and principles that are used when studying a particular subject or doing a particular kind of work

  3. Pengertian Methodology dalamEkonomi • Daniel Hausman (1992): Methodology is concerned with whether the claims of economics area reliable and true and how can judge whether they are reliable and true; and it is concerned with whether the practices of economists lead to conclusions that one ought to rely on or to believe • Ilmu Ekonomi – interdisciplinary approach. Ia membutuhkan: • Pengertian mengenai struktur dan kandungan dari economic reasoning dan • Pemahaman tentang bagaimana filosofi ilmu pengetahuan (philosophy of science)

  4. PenggunaanKata Methodology • Kata Methodology biasanya digunakan untuk dua hal: • Disalahgunakan untuk merefer pada pengertian method, procedure, technique atau approach; seperti CGE, Linear Programming, Regresi Berganda, atau lainnya • Diartikan sebagai study of the process of appraisal of theories that are purported to be scientific.  Methodology is the theory of theories • Dalam pengertiannya yang kedua, metodologi memiliki kaitan yang erat dengan epistemology (epistemologi). • Epistemology is the study or the theory of the origins, the nature, the methods of authentication and the limits of knowledge

  5. Theory Appraisal • Coherence: the logical integrity of the theory • Correspondence: the relationship between theory and the external world • Clarity and Simplicity: secondary virtues of a theory

  6. Coherence • Delineation of the scope of application of the theory • To what phenomena does the theory relate? • Under what conditions is it intended to apply? • Identification of the elements or statements in the theory to which tests of correspondence are to be applied • Are all statements , including assumptions, predictions and hypotheses to be assessed or only some sub-set? • How is correspondence to be tested? • Are experiments necessary? • How are historical data to be interpreted? • Is introspection a legitimate source of knowledge?

  7. Criteria for theory appraisal Coherence Phenomena Theory A Correspondence Simplicity Coherence Correspondence Theory B

  8. Fundamental Methodological Questions • What is the purpose of economic inquiry? • What are the legitimate sources of knowledge about economic phenomena? • What is the scope of the subject matter of economics? What are the limits to the application of that knowledge? • What is the appropriate structure of economic theories or models?

  9. What is the purpose of economic inquiry? • Theory appraisal is blind without an idea of what theorizing should accomplish • Successful economic inquiry makes it possible to understand social phenomena • Traditions in economic inquiry: • Prescriptive: qualitative rather than quantitative analysis and prediction • Instrumental purpose of economic analysis as explanation: rationality approach (eg utility maximization, profit maximization) • Emphasize on measurement, quantitative prediction and control of social phenomena

  10. The purposes of economic inquiry (2) • Henderson and Quandt: explanation and predictions • Becker: provide a comprehensive framework for the study of human behavior • Machlup: explanation and the limits of economic explanation • Samuelson: to produce refutable hypothesis • Friedman: produce reliable prediction • Popper: understanding human social interaction

  11. The purposes of economic inquiry (3) • In short, the purposes of economic inquiry are: • Understanding • Explanation • Prediction • Discovering laws • Description • Testing hypothesis • Good conversation • Way of thinking • Improved efficiency

  12. What is the source of economic knowledge? • Revelation: extra human entities • Reason: self knowledge or introspection • Observation: observation to the external world • Tradition Observation Reason Tradition Revelation

  13. What is the scope of economic analysis? • Application of the material and financial dimensions of human social interaction? • Becker: education and family economics • Robbins: resource allocation • Kirzner: entrepreneurship • In general: human behavior!

  14. What is the appropriate structure of scientific theory? • Monism: the principles of theory appraisal are common to all scientific disciplines. Only subject matter differentiates branches of science • Dualist: disciplines which study human behavior need a fundamentally different logic of theory appraisal from those do not. • Rational action: constrained optimization – soc important • Role of mathematic: is mathematical expression necessary for the statement of knowledge claims in economics?

  15. General Problems in the Philosophy of Science • Economists do not yet agree whether the purpose of their subject is understanding or explanation and prediction • Tension whether social sciences should proceed along holistic or individualistic lines • Individualism: either explanation or understanding of social phenomena can only be considered to be complete when it has been explicitly link to the purposes, perceptions and actions of the individuals • Holism views phenomena at a more aggregate level than individual choice • Tension between rationalism and empiricism: what is the basic source of knowledge observation or reason, logic, intuition and introspection? • Disagreement whether theories should be judged on the basis of their truthfulness or their usefulness: Instrumentalist: is it usefull or not? Truth is beyond the apprehension of mere mortals.

  16. Characteristic Problems of Scientific Economics • Economic data are historical. They are created without controlled experiments  difficulties in interpretation • Diversity of Human being. People have different goals, preferences, perceptions, expectation and abilities

  17. Why Bother with Methodology? • Stigler: economists should be forbidden from studying or talking writing about methodology until they are at least 65 years of old • Buchanan: a knowledge of methodology is like a roadmap. The process of selection of problems for research can be better undertaken with a familiarity of the principles of the philosophy of science in general and of the methodology of economics in particular • Mises: economists need to master the methodology of their subject – to understand the basis and the limits of the knowledge claims • Diversity of Human being. People have different goals, preferences, perceptions, expectation and abilities

  18. Reference Fox, Glenn. 1997. Reason and Reality in the Methodologies of Economics: An Introduction. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK. (Chapter 3)

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