Global Conflicts in the Cold War Era

1. Chapter 31: Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War AP World History Ms. Tully Téo Trujillo Daniel Trujillo Hugo Hernández Diego Soto April 24, 2014 Period 5

2. Relevant Key Terms Cold War Labour Party in Britain Liberal Democracy Stalinist System Eastern Bloc Harry Truman Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Iron Curtain De-Stalinization Marshall Plan North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) European Common Market Warsaw Pact Soviet Union Affluent Society Communism Labour Party in Britain Welfare State Technocrat Green Movement European Union New Feminism Francis Crick James Watson Berlin Wall Solidarity French Canadians in Quebec Civil Rights Movement Nikita Khrushchev

3. Relevant Key Concepts Key Concept 6.2 – Global Conflicts and Their Consequences IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale. A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism, and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies, for the purpose of waging war. Governments also used a variety of strategies, including political speeches, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize these populations. B. The sources of global conflict in the first half of the century varied. a. Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan b. Competition for resources c. Ethnic conflict d. Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany e. Nationalist ideologies f. The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression C. The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The United States and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe. D. The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and prompted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. E. The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War. V. Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals and groups—including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified their conflicts. A. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some prompted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change. B. Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders. C. Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. D. More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims. E. Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular culture.

4. Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century. A. In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies. B. At the beginning of the century in the United States and parts of Europe, governments played a minimal role in their national economies. With the onset of the Great Depression, government began to take a more active role in economic life. C. In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development. D. At the end of the twentieth century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization. II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance. A. New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and to facilitate international cooperation. B. New economic institutions sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world. C. Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world. D. Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders. E. Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy. F. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration. III. Peoples conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions. A. The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world. B. Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities and exclusionary reactions. C. Believers developed new forms of spirituality and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths and apply them to political issues. IV. Popular and consumer culture became global. A. Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations. B. Changes in communication and transportation enabled the widespread diffusion of music and film.

5. After World War II: A New International Setting for the West • Western European countries had to adjust to a less powerful role in global dominance after the war. • Mass destruction and devastation led to housing and transportation problems. • Establishment of the United States and the Soviet Union as industrial and populous superpowers. • Disputes between Soviet Union and Eastern Europe partition of Germany.

6. Europe and Its Colonies • Decolonization and the Cold War were definitive concepts to describe the aftermath of WWII. • Europe’s immense power drastically reduced. • Western governments kept cultural relations with lost colonies and assisted with military and administration.

7. The Cold War • Social and cultural competition between the US and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) • Eastern Bloc established including Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. -Communist governments • Winston Churchill, English Prime Minister, used the term “Iron Curtain” to describe the split of global control • In 1947, the Marshall Plan was used to help nations devastated by the war rebuild by supplying them with loans. • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) developed in 1949 to help against Soviet encroachment. • Warsaw Pact developed by Soviets to facilitate growth of communism to their external countries.

8. Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand The Former Dominions • Canada’s economy integrated with that of US→ Canadian nationalism • Created North American trading bloc...paralleled Euro unity • Canadian immigration • 1945: Australia and New Zealand lost ties with Britain • 1951: These two countries joined US in defense against communism in the Pacific→ help with Korean and Vietnam wars • Pacific economy interacted mainly with Japan vs. previously with Britain.

9. The “U.S. Century”? • US became the police of the world→ democratic and capitalist • The Truman Doctrine created in 1947 promised military and economic help. • US push to prevent the spread of communism→ containment policy • development of CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) • Increased spending in military • Vietnam War from 1956-1975→ extreme effort to • limit spread of communism • Protests in America→ less faith in government • foreign policy • First “failure” of US military→ immense blow to US economy and pride.

10. The Resurgence of Western Europe The Spread of Liberal Democracy • After WWII Fascism and other rightist movements were greatly discredited • More support for democratic constitutions • Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany (France, Britain, U.S) • Women’s voting rights

11. The state was more active in economic and welfare policies • New programs for the poor • State-run medical facilities • Extremely expensive • Green Movements The Welfare State

12. Campus unrest • Civil Rights movement • Green Movement • Economic recession • Conservative leaders reduced the welfare states impact New Challenges to Political Stability

13. The Diplomatic Context • Focus on economic recovery • Establishment of the European Union • Reduced nationalism • European peace

14. Economic Expansion • Extreme economic growth • Increase in agricultural production • Leading center of weapons production • Large amounts of immigration • Europe became an “Affluent Society”

15. Soviet Culture and Society: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions • Government declared war on Orthodox Church 1917 → Traditional religious orientation declined in favor of a scientific and Marxist outlook. • Educational system created a loyal, right-thinking society. • Continuous attacks on Western styles of art and literature. • Great emphasis on science and social science → significant discoveries in physics, chemistry, and mathematics.

16. Economy and Society • Growth in manufacturing and urbanization → full industrialization of East Euro. • Amassment of capital → low consumerism, armaments industry. • Industrial life → similar work rhythm and leisure activities as the West. • Division of workers and professional middle class in spite of Marxist theory. • Drop in birth rate due to better medical care and improved diets. • Managerial middle class focused more on providing a better future for their families.

17. De-Stalinization • 1956: Nikita Khrushchev emerges to gain primary power → heavily criticized Stalin. • De-Stalinization movement initiated by Khrushchev. • Subsequent leadership changes ran smoothly. • International competitiveness: Sputnikin 1957, sophisticated rocketry, sports programs. • Lowered cold war tensions → cultural exchange with the West. • Foreign policy challenges → cautious diplomatic game. • Lack of consumer goods → low work motivation and diligence. • Youth agitation → young people were tired of disciplined life. • Fall of Soviet Union … good or bad ?

18. The Social Structure • Economic growth → brought prosperity to most groups, which eased some early social conflicts. • But Social distinctions remained. • The Middle class had more free time ---thus having a more optimistic outlook than most workers. • Social/Racial tension continued----crime rates went up in western society after the 1940s.

19. Womens Revolution • Great emphasis on nuclear families, and time spent in family. • Women began to work more during WW2. • New rights for women accompanied this shift, family rights also improved. • Teenage employment dropped as more girls stayed in school but even though women had the same qualification standards as men they were still paid less. • A New Feminism

20. Western Culture • Great scientific achievements----Such as the discovery of DNA. which led... • European nations envied the U.S for being the land of the free, the land of opportunity. • Developments in western art continued to stay modern (early 20th century themes)

21. The Innovation of Culture • Music became more popular and more complex. (lots more styles of music). It also became more influential. • Youth fashion (separate from the upper class) was more on edge, wild, more abstract. • Art also became more abstract and anti-conventional, everyone could interpret it a different way. • PDA, Sex before marriage, homosexuality rate was increasing→ past customs/traditions were slowly vanishing. • Western culture was all superficial and was thought to be a distraction from bigger problems such as social inequality.

22. Who doesn't want to dress like Thats 70s show!?!

23. After WWII: A Soviet Empire • Soviet Russia Expanded • By 1945 the Soviet army was the dominant force in Eastern Europe. (Germans began to retreat) • Soviet Union took over and attacked all rivals for power. • Soviet System created many tensions, all of East Germany was moving to West Germany in order to avoid control of the Soviet Empire----In response the Soviet Empire built the Berlin Wall (1961) to regulate the flow. • Relaxation on stalinism, created hopes that control might be loosened.

24. Global Connections • Cold war played key role in themes as decolonization and nationalism. • Other nations could take sides. • Western consumerism and Soviet Communism were very different, but both largely secular.