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Overview of Medicines and Drugs in Pharmaceutical Science

Learn about categories of medicines, placebo effect, clinical trials, drug administration, LD50, ED50, and drug effects. Explore antacids, analgesics, depressants, stimulants, antibiotics, antivirals, drug action, design, and mind-altering drugs. Understand drug tolerance and the therapeutic window concept.

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Overview of Medicines and Drugs in Pharmaceutical Science

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  1. OPTION D MEDICINES andDRUGSD1: Pharmaceutical productsand short overview of the option

  2. Medicines and Drugs Outline of this option Pharmaceutical products Antacids Analgesics Depressants Stimulants Antibacterials Antivirals Drug action (HL) Drug design (HL) Mind altering drugs (HL)

  3. Medicines and Drugs What is a medicine or drug? A substance that alters one or moreof the following: Incoming sensory sensations Mood or emotions Physiological state Consciousness Activity level Co-ordination

  4. Medicines and Drugs Categories of medicines Infection fighters Antiseptics Antibiotics Antivirals Affecting metabolism Hormones Vitamins Affecting central nervous system Stimulants Depressants Analgesics Anaesthetics

  5. Medicines and Drugs Placebo Effect Inert substance but effective Used as control substance Power of suggestion Body’s natural healing

  6. Medicines and Drugs Research on new products Tests on animalsDose, side effects Clinical trial (phase 1)Safety, dose range Clinical trial (phase 2) Response, investigator bias, statistics Clinical trial (phase 3) Extended evaluation > 16/3620 medicines into the market in 1970 > Thalidomide: for morning sickness but deformed babies

  7. Medicines and Drugs Administration of drugs Oralconvenient, absorbed at small intestines Rectal when not able from mouth or destroyed by acids Inhalationrapid, anaesthesia Parenteral / Injection Subcutaneous (dental, slow) Intramuscular (vaccinations, large V) Intravenous (fast, practical)

  8. Medicines and Drugs Lethal Dose (LD50) = the dose of a substance in mg per Kg of body mass, that kills 50% of sample The smaller the LD50, the more toxic the substance Examples: aspirin rat: 200 rabbit: 1000 nicotine rat: 50 ethanol rat: 9000

  9. Medicines and Drugs Effective Dose (ED50) = the dose of a substance in mg per Kg of body mass, that is effective to 50% of sample The smaller the ED50, the more effective the substance Examples: aspirin 55

  10. Medicines and Drugs Therapeutic window = the ratio of LD50 over ED50 The wider the window, the safer the substance Examples: aspirin therapeutic window = 200/55

  11. Medicines and Drugs Drug effect Main effect (desired) Side effects (unwanted responses) Drug effects are relative!! Morphine: For pain relief, constipation is side effect For diarrhoea, pain relief is side effect

  12. Medicines and Drugs Tolerance Over time and with regular use, the user requires larger dose of the drug to achieve the effect originally obtained by smaller dose Increase of hazards (larger amounts) No tolerance to side effects If drug not taken for long time >decrease of tolerance >overdose

  13. Medicines and Drugs And now a short presentation of the rest of the topics of this option...

  14. Medicines and Drugs ANTACIDS Why is stomach acidic? How can we neutralize it? What are the most common antacids? What are the neutralizing reactions? With what can the antacids be combined?

  15. Medicines and Drugs ANALGESICS What are soft and strong analgesics? How do they prevent pain? Aspirin versus paracetamol? Morphine versus heroin/codeine?Advantages – disadvantages?

  16. Medicines and Drugs DEPRESSANTS What is their effect? How is effect dependant on dose? Tranquilizers Sedatives Hypnotics Anaesthetics Ethanol (effects, detection) Most common depressants?

  17. Medicines and Drugs STIMULANTS What is their effect? Adrenaline versus amphetamines Nicotine Short-term effects Long-term effects Caffeine Effects Comparison to nicotine

  18. Medicines and Drugs ANTIBACTERIALS The discovery of penicillin How penicillin works Modifications of penicillin Use and overprescription Broad versus narrow spectrum antibiotics

  19. Medicines and Drugs ANTIVIRALS Viruses versus bacteria How do antiviral drugs work? What is HIV and what AIDS? Why is it difficult to fight HIV? (AIDS prevention methods?)

  20. Medicines and Drugs DRUG ACTION Geometrical isomers can have different pharmacological effects Examples: CISplatin – Thalidomide Optical isomers can have different pharmacological effects Examples: Thalidomide How structural features affect the pharmacological effect Examples: Penicillin, heroin

  21. Medicines and Drugs DRUG DESIGN Compound library Combinatorial and parallel chemistry Computer aided drug design Polarity modification Chirality modification

  22. Medicines and Drugs MIND ALTERING DRUGS LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin, THC Effects similarities, differences Legalization of cannabis

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