Week 2- Tuesday

1. Week 2- Tuesday What is the meaning of the “life”? Look at the items on the back desk. (masking tape, beenie baby, water bottle, wooden paper towel holder) Make the following chart in your journal:

2. Chapter 1: Exploring Life Introduction to Biology and the Scientific Method

3. Science • Science: a process used to solve problems or answer questions about our environment; used to make decisions. • Scientific Method: an approach taken to try to solve a problem. • Many versions are available from very simple to very complex.

4. Biology • Biology: learning about different types of living organisms • Greek ~ Bios = “life” • Logos = “study of” • Living things do not exist in isolation but are functioning parts in the balance or nature with biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) things.

5. Biology • Biological Systems – “The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts in Biology today!” Just understanding the parts of an organism is no longer considered sufficient we need to understand entire organisms and their relationships with each other and the biosphere at large.

6. 7 Properties of Living Things: • 1. Order/Organization – all living things have an orderly structure. • There are 5 – 10 million species on our planet and all of them are unicellular (composed of one cell)or multicellular(composed of many cells).

9. 7 Properties of Living Things: • Molecules – chemical structures composed of 2+ atoms • Chlorophyll– one of the most important molecules on Earth because it converts light energy into chemical energy (food) • Organelles– a body in a cell that carries out a specific function • Chloroplast– organelle in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis • Cell– Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function that can perform all the properties of life. • Tissue– a group of similar cells that work together with a common purpose • Organ– multiple tissues working together to carry out a common function

10. 7 Properties of Living Things: • Organ Systems – a team of organs co-operating in a specific function • Organism– an individual living thing (may be single or multi- cellular) • Population– a group of interbreeding organisms that are the same species in the same place at the same time • Community– all the biotic organisms in a particular area • Ecosystem– all the biotic and abiotic organisms in a particular area • Biosphere – all the ecosystems on Earth inhabited by life

11. 7 Properties of Living Things: • 2. Reproduction – the production of offspring, or a second generation, which will replace the first generation in time. • Allows for the continuation of species. • Species– a group of interbreeding individuals, or organisms, that produce fertile offspring. Florida Tortoise Texas Tortoise California Tortoise

12. 7 Properties of Living Things: If you cross a horse with a donkey you create a mule (infertile offspring). Because mules are sterile we know that horses and donkeys are not the same species.

13. 7 Properties of Living Things: 3. Growth and Development – • All living organisms grow, or change, over time. • Growth– an increase in an organisms amount of living material and the formation of new structures

14. 7 Properties of Living Things: • Development– all the changes that take place in the life of an organism

16. 7 Properties of Living Things: 4. Responds/Adjusts to their Environment – • Environment– all the biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must adjust. • Air, water, weather, temperature, plants, animals, pressure, heat, light, odor, sound, etc. •Ex. Chameleons change colors and trees loose their leaves in the fall.

17. 7 Properties of Living Things: • Stimulus– any condition in an environment that requires an organism to change • Response– an organism’s reaction to a stimulus

19. 7 Properties of Living Things: 5. Evolutionary Adaptations • Adaptation– any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive its environment • Ex. Stripes on a Zebra – Camouflage

21. 7 Properties of Living Things: Inherited from previous Generations • Individuals with adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce. This causes the adaptation to become more prevalent in the population.

22. 7 Properties of Living Things: 6. Energy Processing (obtaining, using, and releasing energy) • Energy can be used to grow, develop, repair damage, and reproduce. • Anabolism– process of building up complex substances from simpler substances. • Ex. Building up cells or organelles or producing sugar molecules in photosynthesis

23. 7 Properties of Living Things: • Catabolism– process of breaking down complex substances into smaller substances to release energy. • Ex. Digestion and Cellular Respiration • Metabolism– all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism. • Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism

24. 7 Properties of Living Things: • 7. Regulation: • Living things maintain a stable internal environment: • Homeostasis– an organism’s regulation of its infernal environnent to maintain conditionssuitable for survival. • • Ex. Body temperature, pH, blood pressure, or the amount of water in a cell.

25. Classification of Life: • Domain(Bacteria, Archaea, and • Eukarya) • Kingdom(Plant, Animal, Fungus, • Protist, and Monera) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

28. Question… If Science means “to know” then what process do we use to determine what we know?

29. Week 2- Wednesday • List 10 observations about this picture. Make them both qualitative and quantitative.

30. Scientific Method • Discovery/Descriptive Science – relies on careful observation and analysis of data to describe natural structures or processes.

31. Scientific Method • The Properties of Life have emerged from complex organisms and occasionally we have to break them down into smaller parts to understand the whole. • Reductionalism– breaking down complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study.

32. Scientific Method • Systems Biology – seeks to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. It can map or predict how changes in one variable affect other variables and the entire system. • Feedback Regulation – the “output” or the “product” regulates a process

33. Scientific Method • Negative Feedback – the accumulation of an end product from a process slows the process down. • When cells break down sugar they make ATP…when ATP levels are high cells stop breaking down sugar. • More common • Positive Feedback – the end product speeds up to production of the end product. • When you cut yourself platelets (Structures in your blood) aggregate (collect) where the tissues are damaged. Platelets release chemicals that attract additional platelets which will form a clot and seal the damage (scab).

34. Steps of the Scientific Method - • 1. Identify the Problem – • What do you want to know or explain? • Use your observations to write a question that addresses the problem, or topic, that you want to examine.

35. Steps of the Scientific Method - 2. Form a Hypothesis – • Hypothesis– tentative answers to well-framed questions or your educated guess about the results of your experiment. • If…then… logical reasoning. • Must be testable • Must be falsifiable • EX. If I increase the amount of light that plant A receives it will grow faster then plant B which receives less light.

36. Steps of the Scientific Method - • 3. Create an Experiment – • How will you test your hypothesis? • Develop a procedure that follows proper lab safety procedures.

37. Steps of the Scientific Method - • 4. Perform the Experiment – • Follow all the steps of the procedure exactly. • Data– recorded observations • Qualitative– descriptions (color, degree, etc.) • Quantitative– measureable

38. Steps of the Scientific Method - 5. Analyze the Data – • Create data tables, charts, and graphs. • Did the experiment work the way you expected it to? • Is there a flaw? If there is then go back and rewrite your procedures to address the flaw. Then perform the experiment again and reanalyze your data.

39. Steps of the Scientific Method - 6. Communicate your Results – • Write a conclusion which should include: • Summarize the experiment • Explain if and why your hypothesis was correct or incorrect. • Explain any problems you experienced and how they impacted the results. • Explain how you would improve or change this experiment.

40. Steps of the Scientific Method - **Remember** You can have a successful experiment without proving your hypothesis!

41. Every Good Lab Should Include: • Experiment– a procedure that tests a hypothesis

42. Every Good Lab Should Include: • Independent Variable – the part of an experiment that changed because it affects the outcome of the experiment. • Ex. What you change to test your hypothesis. • Dependent Variable – the part of an experiment that results from changes in the independent variable • Ex. What you measure at the end of a lab

43. Every Good Lab Should Include: • Control– the part of an experiment in which the independent variable is not applied; used to compare the results of your experiment. • Constant– the parts of an experiment that remain the same.

44. Every Good Lab Should Include: • Theory– an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained through many investigations and experiments. • Principles– certain facts of nature that are known to be true • Ex. Gravity

45. Quiz 1 1. Define hypothesis. 2. An approach taken to try to solve a problem. 3. Certain facts of nature that are known to be true. 4. This term describes data that is measureable. 5. the part of an experiment in which the independent variable is not applied.

46. Lab Report Format Name, Date, Class Period in the top right hand corner of the paper. I. Title – Give it a name! II. Introduction – Summarize what you want to know or what you want to study. III. Hypothesis – “If…then…” statement IV. Procedure – Step-by-step list (include the variables!) V. Materials - list VI. Data – Graphs, tables, & charts VII. Conclusion – 4 questions answered (from the Scientific Method notes – part 6 – Communicating your Results.)

47. All Good Graphs: • Have a Title • Have a labeled X and a Y axis…Remember… • DrY (Dependent Variable on the Y- axis) • mIX (Independent Variable on the X- axis) • Have numbers written in REGULAR increments • Are drawn with a ruler • Have clearly labeled data and legends • Are colorful!