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Emotion

Emotion. Psy 201. 1. Ekman’s Universality Studies on Emotion. Video on the Universality of Emotions. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCc. Theories on How Emotion Works. The Common-man’s View of Emotion.

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Emotion

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  1. Emotion Psy 201 1

  2. Ekman’s Universality Studies on Emotion Video on the Universality of Emotions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCc

  3. Theories on How Emotion Works

  4. The Common-man’s View of Emotion When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. Bob Sacha

  5. James-Lange Theory William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience. William James Carl Lange

  6. Hohmann (1966):Paralysis & emotion More intense emotions Less intense emotions

  7. Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously. Walter Bradford Cannon Philip Bard Walter Bradford Cannon

  8. Cannon-Bard Example ? Friend or Foe?

  9. Cannon-Bard Theory Friend Foe!

  10. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Emotion results from first perceiving physiological arousal and then finding an explanation or label for that arousal. Stanley Schachter Jerome Singer Look at environment Physiological activation Cognitive label of fear

  11. Arousal x Label = Emotion

  12. Schachter & Singer (1962):Gave college men injections of the hormone epinephrine (to arouse their sympathetic nervous system)…

  13. Dutton and Aron (1974):Men crossing a scary or safe bridge were asked to complete a questionnaire by an attractive woman or an attractive man… Safe Bridge Scary Bridge

  14. Female interviewer Male interviewer “Experimental” bridge “Control” bridge

  15. Dutton and Aron (1974):Found:

  16. Female interviewer Male interviewer “Scary” bridge “Safe” bridge Men who were approached for an interview by an attractive woman as they were crossing over a scary bridge misattributed some of the arousal they had from fear to lust and so called the woman to “ask questions about the survey”

  17. Emotion Theories James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory or Two-Factor Theory Which Does Research support?

  18. Other Emotion Theories The Two –Factor Theory of Emotion explains some, but not all emotional experiences. Here are other theories of emotion supported by research.

  19. Zajonc’s Theory However, some emotion occurs independent of cognition - Subliminal priming research shows that flashes negative or positive pictures before images of faces affect the people’s evaluations of those faces. - When we hear a noise in a dark alley, we often feel frightened, before we’ve determined whether the noise is caused by wind (an unfrightening stimulus) or a stranger (a frightening stimulus).

  20. More on Zajonc’s Theory A priming study found that stimuli bypasses the prefrontal cortex and goes straight to the amygdala, which triggers the fear response.

  21. Lazarus’ Theory Complex emotions such as guilt, happiness, and love most clearly arise from our interpretations and expectations (our appraisal of the situation). -A good example of this is how highly emotional people often personalize events as being somehow directed at them; and generalize their experiences by blowing single incidences out of proportion.

  22. Facial Feedback Hypothesis The muscular movements involved in certain facial expression produce the corresponding emotion. • Means: • When you frown, you become sadder • When you yell, you become angrier • When you smile, you become happier

  23. More on: Facial Feedback Hypothesis Strack & others (1988) 1) had participants hold a pen in the teeth (to activate smiling muscles) or with their lips (which activates frowning muscles). 2) Then they had participants rate cartoons They Found: Those who were smiling rated them funnier than those who were frowning.

  24. Chameleon Effect Humans unconsciously mimic each other’s facial expressions. This is called the chameleon effect. This means emotion is contagious Watch: the first 3 minutes of the video below to understand how mimicking the emotions of others helps us share their emotions. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmEsGQ3JmKg&NR=1

  25. Cultural Display Rules Since many cultures have rules about which emotions are appropriate to display by which people… • Asian suppress negative emotion • American men shouldn’t cry in public • American women shouldn’t show anger in public … Members of different cultures may feel more of less of a particular emotion than members of other cultures.

  26. The Experience of Emotion

  27. Anger • chronic hostility is linked to heart disease • when anger fuels aggression (verbal or physical) it becomes maladaptive. - We enjoy the release of emotions, but this doesn’t mean that it works to actually get rid of the emotion. It means that we do it more!

  28. More on Anger Catharsis theory is wrong!!! Venting anger –even punching a pillow –increases anger. Venting anger makes us angrier longer, more often, and more intensely. And it leads to death by cardiovascular disease

  29. Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as safer, make decisions more easily, rate job applicant more favorably, are more cooperative, and live healthier, and more energized and satisfied lives (and cope with stress better).

  30. Happiness Subjective well-being is the technical psychological term for happiness

  31. Theories on Happiness • Feel-good, do good phenomenonwhen we feel happy, we are more willing to help others. • Adaptation-level phenomenon our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, or lights, of income) relative to a “neutral” level defined by our prior experience (especially recent experience). • we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt.

  32. Theories on Happiness • Relative deprivation–the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. • Comparing ourselves to someone who is worse off, makes us feel better (and vice versa) Getting a used bike will make you happy… until you see your neighbor with a new bike.

  33. Money & Happiness

  34. Evidence For: • - within rich countries, people with lots of money are somewhat happier than those with just enough to afford life’s necessities. • people in rich counties are also somewhat happier than those in poor countries • Evidence Against: • - Americans have higher buying power than before, but divorce rates, teen suicide rates, and depression rates seem to indicate we are more unhappy than past generations. • - people who strive for wealth tend to live with lower well-being. • - college students worldwide who report high life satisfaction give priority to love over money. Does Money = Happiness?

  35. More on Happiness • Some Predictors of Happiness: - self-esteem is important in individualistic cultures - acceptance by others matters more in communal cultures - being optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable - having close friendships or a satisfying marriage - having work and leisure that engage their skills - having a meaningful religious faith - sleeping well - exercising

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