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Principles of Plant Systematics II

Principles of Plant Systematics II. A Quick Review And Some Fun!. Monophyletic Group (= Clade). A group composed of an ancestor and all its descendants. . Synapomorphy. Shared derived character state.

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Principles of Plant Systematics II

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  1. Principles of Plant Systematics II A Quick Review And Some Fun!

  2. Monophyletic Group (= Clade) • A group composed of an ancestor and all its descendants.

  3. Synapomorphy • Shared derived character state. • Synapomorphies have arisen in a common ancestor and are present in all the members of a group though sometimes in modified form. • Synapomorphies can be morphological, chemical, genetic, behavioral, etc.

  4. Phylogenetic Tree (= Cladogram)

  5. Let’s Construct Our Own Phylogenetic Tree (Cladogram) • Consider the following four plants that grow here locally in the Gila National Forest as representatives of their families: • Urticadioica (Stinging Nettle, Urticaceae) • Ceanothusgreggii (Desert Buckthorn, Rhamnaceae) • Morusmicrophylla (LittleleafMulberry, Moraceae) • Ulmuspumila (Siberian Elm, Ulmaceae)

  6. And These Three Character States: • Flower size: conspicuous, or inconspicuous • Stamens: >5 & straight, or <5 & incurved • Sap: Milky, or clear

  7. Urticadioica subsp. gracilis

  8. Urticadioica subsp. gracilis

  9. Urticadioica subsp. GracilisCharacter states • Flower: inconspicuous • Stamens: 4, incurved • Sap: at least somewhat milky

  10. Ceanothusgreggii

  11. CeanothusgreggiiCharacter states • Flower: conspicuous • Stamens: 5, straight • Sap: clear

  12. Morusmicrophylla

  13. MorusmicrophyllaCharacter states • Flower: inconspicuous • Stamens: 5, straight • Sap: milky

  14. Ulmuspumila

  15. UlmuspumilaCharacter states • Flower: inconspicuous • Stamens: 5, straight • Sap: clear

  16. Construct a Matrix…

  17. Construct a Matrix

  18. Make Your Network

  19. Make Your Network CeanothusgreggiiUlmuspumilaMorusmicrophyllaUrticadioica A B C D flower statetype of sapstamens conspicuous inconspicious clear milky >5, straight <5, incurved

  20. What Do You Need to Root the Network? • You need an outgroup • Outgroups are assumed to have separated from the ingroup lineage before the ingroup diversified; i.e., the ingroup members are more closely related to each other than they are to the outgroup. • The point at which the outgroup attaches to a network is therefore determined as the root of the tree.

  21. Add the theOutgroup • Let’s use Rosa woodsii as a representative of the Rosaceae as the outgroup. • Here are the character states of Rosa woodsii: Flower: conspicuous Stamens: >5 Sap: clear Now– root your network by attaching Rosa woodsii at the most appropriate spot.

  22. Congrats! Meet the Rosales!

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