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CARBOHYDRATES

Learn about the different types of carbohydrates, their functions in the body, and the recommended intake. Discover the role of dietary fiber and the potential problems associated with high sugar intake.

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CARBOHYDRATES

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  1. CARBOHYDRATES

  2. Carbohydrates • Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio • Primary fuel source for body cells • Divided into two main classes: • Simple sugars • Complex sugars

  3. MONOSACCHARIDES

  4. GLUCOSE • Also called hexose or dextrose • Principle building block of all other carbohydrates • Typically exists in the ring form

  5. FRUCTOSE • Also called levulose • Isomer of glucose • Metabolized into glucose by the liver • Small amounts are converted into glycogen, lactic acid, or fat • Found in fruit, honey, and high fructose corn syrup

  6. GALACTOSE • Not usually found free in nature in large quantities • Isomer of glucose • Typically found as a subunit of lactose • Converted to glucose by the liver • Used as an immediate energy source or is stored as glycogen

  7. Other Monosaccharides • Ribose • Five carbon sugar • Used in the formation of RNA • Very little present in our diet • Deoxyribose • Five carbon sugar • Used in the formation of DNA • Not considered a nutrient of our diet since our bodies can make all that it ever needs.

  8. DISACCHARIDES

  9. MALTOSE • Constructed by a condensation reaction • Composed of two glucose molecules • Possesses an alpha bond • Commonly produced by fermentation reactions called malting • Most maltose digested is the result of starch digestion

  10. SUCROSE • Constructed by a condensation reaction • Composed of one glucose and one fructose • Possesses an alpha bond • Commonly called table sugar and is found in plants such as sugar cane and maple syrup • Purified to form brown, white, and powdered sugars

  11. LACTOSE • Constructed by a condensation reaction • Composed of one glucose and one galactose • Possesses a beta bond • Beta bonds are difficult to digest • Primary sugar in milk and milk products

  12. OLIGOSACCHARIDES • 3-10 monosaccharides: raffinose and stachyose • Found in beans and legumes • Not digested by the body • Metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine • Raffinose=galactose+glucose+fructose • Stachyose=galactose+galactose+ glucose+fructose

  13. POLYSACCHARIDES • Digestible polysaccharides: • Starch • Amylose • Amylopectin • Glycogen • Non-digestible polysaccharides: fibers • Soluble fiber • Insoluble fiber

  14. STARCHES • 3000 monosaccharides • Contain alpha bonds • Amylose is straight chain • Amylopectin is branched chain • High Glycemic Index

  15. GLYCOGEN • Storage form of glucose in animals and humans • Structure is similar to amylopectin but with more complex branching • Numerous alpha bonds • Found in liver (400 kcal) and muscles (1400 kcal)

  16. Fiber • Dietary fiber= fibers found naturally in foods • Functional fibers= fiber added to foods that has shown to provide health benefits • Total fiber= dietary fiber + functional fiber

  17. Chemical Composition of Fibers • Contain beta bonds • Insoluble: not fermented • Cellulose • Hemicellulose • Lignin* • Soluble: 1.5-2.5 kcal/g • Gum • Pectin • Mucilage

  18. Fibers

  19. Carbohydrate Digestion

  20. Within the Mouth • Saliva contains amylase • Converts polysaccharides, starch, into oligosaccharides, maltose, and glucose • Broken down by hydrolysis reaction

  21. Within the Stomach • The acidic environment of the stomach inhibits the action of salivary amylase

  22. Within the Small Intestines • Pancreatic amylase • Converts oligosaccharides to disaccharides • Intestinal cells release • Maltase • Lactase • Sucrase

  23. CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION • Monosaccharide absorption occurs in the duodenum • Glucose and galactose by active absorption • Fructose by facilitated diffusion

  24. CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION • Portal vein transports absorbed monosaccharides to the liver • Liver can then: • Transform them to glucose • Release them back to the blood stream • Store it as glycogen

  25. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES • Supplies energy • Protein sparing • Prevents ketosis • Food sweeteners • Fructose • Sucrose • Glucose • Maltose • Galactose

  26. FUNCTIONS OF DIETARY FIBER • Promotes regularity and softer, larger stool • Reduces hemorrhoids and diverticula

  27. DIVERTICULOSIS

  28. FUNCTIONS OF DIETARY FIBER • Promotes regularity and softer, larger stool • Reduces hemorrhoids and diverticula • Aids weight control • Causes a filling of fullness • Slows glucose absorption • Decrease in colon cancer • Reduces cholesterol absorption • Reduces heart disease

  29. RECOMMENDED CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE • RDA is 130 g/day for adults • 50-100 g of CHO/day to prevent ketosis • Recommended: 45-65% of total kcal • 180-330 g of CHO/day (primarily from white bread, soda, baked goods) • 50% of total kcal • Worldwide the CHO intake is +70%

  30. RECOMMENDED FIBER INTAKE • Adequate Intake is 25 g/day for women and 38 g/day for men (14g/1000kacl) • Daily Value= 25g/day for 2000 kcal diet • Average U.S. intake= 13-17 g/day

  31. PROBLEMS WITHHIGH SUGAR INTAKES • Empty calories • Dental caries • Glycemic index=the blood glucose response to a given food compared to a standard • Glycemic load=the amount of Carbohydrate in food times the glycemic index for that food. Related to structure, fiber content, amount of processing, and macronutrient content

  32. Effects of Ingesting High Glycemic Load Foods • Stimulates insulin release • Insulin increases blood triglyceride levels • Insulin increases LDL • Insulin increase fat synthesis • Increased risk for CVD • Muscles may become resistant to insulin • Increases risk of developing diabetes • Become hungry quicker

  33. PROBLEMS WITH HIGH INTAKES OF DIETARY FIBER • Too much fiber (>60 g/day) will: • Require extra intake of fluids • Bind to some vitamins • Develop phytobezoars • Fill the stomach of a young child quickly

  34. phytobezoar • A phytobezoar is a type of bezoar, or trapped mass in the gastrointestinal system, that consists of components of indigestible plant material, such as fibres, skins and seeds. ... In addition to their presence in human stomachs, • phytobezoars have been documented in the stomachs of slaughtered plant-eating animals

  35. Bezoar • A 2013 review of three databases identified 24 publications presenting 46 patients treated with Coca-Cola for phytobezoars. • The cola was administered in doses of 500 mL to up to 3000 mL over 24 hours, orally or by gastric lavage. • A total of 91.3% of patients had complete resolution after treatment with Coca-Cola: 50% ...

  36. Lactose Maldigestion • Primary lactose maldigestion • 75% of world population • Begins to develop around age 3 to 5 years • Secondary lactose maldigestion • Temporary decrease in lactase production • 25% of North American population • Increases with age

  37. FOOD SWEETENERS • Nutritive sweeteners • Sugars • Sugar alcohols • Alternative sweeteners • Saccharin • Aspartame • Neotame • Acesulfame-K • Sucralose

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