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The Middle Ages

Discover the significant events of the European Crusades, from the Holy Wars to the Spanish Reconquista, and their far-reaching effects on religion, society, and economy in the Middle Ages. Explore the expansion of European horizons and the cultural transformations in architecture, art, education, and literature. Uncover the tragedies like the Black Death and the societal resurgence in the aftermath. Witness how the Crusades shaped modern Europe.

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The Middle Ages

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  1. The Middle Ages

  2. Crusades • Holy war • Had to be sanctioned by the pope • Conducted against enemies of Christianity • pilgrimage to Jerusalem (the Holy Land) • Most single important series of events in the Middle Ages http:/historymedren.about.com

  3. Events that lead to the Crusades • Turks (who were also Muslim) • Conquered the Holy Lands • Jerusalem and surrounding territory • Mistreated Christians • Threatened the Byzantine Empire

  4. Crusades Begin • 1096 • Christians launch First Crusade • Emperor sought help from Pope • Pope Urban II incited Christian knights • “God wills it!” cry of the assembly • 1099 • Christian knights captured Jerusalem

  5. European Crusades • Mounted crusade against other Muslim • Especially in North Africa • Muslim armies • Overran the crusader states • 1291 captured last Christian outpost • Massacred defeated enemies – Christians

  6. Spanish Reconquista • Reconquista • Campaign to drive Muslims out of Spain • 1469 Isabella married Ferdinand • Combined forces • Pushed against Muslim’s stronghold in Granada • 1492 Granda fell • Reconquista completed

  7. Effects of European Crusades • Left bitter legacy of religious hatred behind them • Turned their religious fury against Jews • Failed to conquer Holy Land • War helped quicken changes • Increased trade • Encouraged growth of a money economy • Helped increase power of feudal monarchs

  8. European Horizons Expanded • Began to explore far off places • 1271 - Marco Polo • Traveled to China • Called “prince of liars”

  9. European Social Make-over • Education • Began in churches • By 1100’s became universities • First universities in Italy • No permanent buildings • Women were not allowed to attend • Literature • Vernacular • Everyday language of ordinary people • Famous works • Dante’s Divine Comedy • Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

  10. Architectural and Art Achievements • Romanesque • Solid stone • No windows • Gothic • Stone supports stood outside the church • Higher walls • Stained-glass windows • Illumination • Artistic decoration of books

  11. Tragedy strikes • Mid-1300’s • Crop failures • Brought famine and starvation • Plague (Black Death) • Bubonic plague (a disease spread by fleas and rats) • Spread from Asia to the Middle East • No way to stop the disease • Workers, employers died, production declined

  12. Make-over in the 1400’s • Europe recovered from the Black Death • Population expanded • Manufacturing grew • Increased trade • Italian cities • Became centers of shipping • Goods exchange • Europe - cloth • Middle East – spices, sugar and cotton • Set stage for further changes

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