You Can’t Fool Us ! Catching the Cheaters

1. You Can’t Fool Us!Catching the Cheaters 9th Annual FTA Drug and Alcohol Program National Conference Presented by: Lorri Smith, C-SAPA April 2014

2. PURPOSE • Recognize the need for awareness • Identify common ways used to circumvent testing • Learn how to avoid opportunities for cheating • Understand the role of those who have a stake in the program • Know how YOU impact the integrity of the testing program

3. SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM • November 2007, GAO reports "DOT’s drug testing program is vulnerable to manipulation by drug users especially given the wide availability of products designed to beat drug tests” (GAO-08-225T) • “How to Beat a Drug Test” - 3/14 - 22,400,000 hits “Bing anytime” - 2,980,000 hits “Bing past week” • Buy clean urine for drug test – 3/14 - 12,200,000 hits “Bing anytime” - 790,000 hits “Bing past week” Some offer “200% money back guarantee”

4. GAO UNDERCOVER RESULTS

5. Supervisor DAPM/DER Collector DOT-ODAPC Donor Employer Medical Review Officer Laboratory FTA Audit Teams Employees/Peers Breath Alcohol Technician DHHS PREVENTING CHEATING“Whose job is it anyway?”

6. THE ANSWER IT’S A TEAM EFFORT

7. ACTION – 8/08 • Mandatory Validity Testing on all DOT specimens instituted • DOT changed procedures for performing collections under direct observation to include raising &lowering of clothing by the donor in cases of temperature out of range, suspicion of tampering, or when directed by the MRO

8. ACTION – 4/09 Direct Observationrequired on all DOT Return-to-Duty and Follow-Up tests

10. ACTION • DOT’s 10 Steps to Collection Site Security and Integrity http://www.dot.gov/odapc/video.html

13. ACTION • Various state laws on defrauding a drug test more prevalent: New Jersey, Florida, Kentucky Louisiana, Texas North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Arkansas, Illinois, Maryland, Oklahoma “Warning: this product cannot be shipped to residents of KY, IL, NC or NJ” • Drug Testing Integrity Act of 2011 H.R. 707 - February 15, 2011

14. Public Act 093-0691 – IL 2004 It is unlawful for a person to:         (1) manufacture, sell, give away, distribute, or market synthetic or human substances or other products in this State or transport urine into this State with the intent of using the synthetic or human substances or other products to defraud a drug or alcohol screening test

15. New Jersey - It is illegal to sell or give away urine for the purpose of defrauding a drug test. It is also illegal (against drug testing laws) to attempt to clean or 'mask' your urine test with any types of our products.

16. North Carolina - The general assembly of NC enacted new drug testing laws on 12/01/02 that make it a criminal offense to defraud drug or alcohol screening tests. Specifically, these drug testing laws prohibit the sale and use of products that are used to "adulterate a urine or other bodily fluids." The drug testing laws also make it unlawful for a person to "attempt to foil or defeat a drug or alcohol screening test by the substitution or spiking of a sample."

17. Nebraska Drug Testing Laws - It is illegal to provide, acquire, or use human/animal body fluids for the purpose of altering the results of any test to determine the presence of drugs or alcohol. Any employee who violates these drug testing laws is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor (You are guilty of the same law if you refuse to provide a body fluid or breath sample).

18. ACTION United States Attorney Robert S. Cessar announced, April 8, 2010: The owners of a California company that sold products to help people cheat on drug tests were sentenced today in federal court in Pittsburgh on their convictions for conspiracy to defraud the United States in connection with its duty to drug test employees and conspiracy to sell drug paraphernalia. From the FBI Website Pittsburgh Division

19. ACTION Gerald Wills, a resident of San Pedro, California, was sentenced to six months in prison followed by three years supervised release. Robert Dennis Catalano, a resident of Huntington Beach, California, received a sentence of three years’ probation. Puck Technology, Inc., a corporation of Signal Hill, California, received a sentence of forfeiture of all its assets and dissolution. United States District Judge David Cercone imposed the sentences on Gerald W. Wills, age 67, of San Pedro, California; Robert Dennis Catalano, age 65, of Huntington Beach, California; and Puck Technology, Inc., a national Internet business located in Signal Hill, California. From the FBI Website Pittsburgh Division

20. LATEST FROM VANITY FAIR

21. METHODS TO AVOID DETECTION • Stop using (abstention) or switch • Add fluid to the specimen or ingest large amounts of fluid (dilution) • Bring in another person’s urine (substitution) • Add chemicals to the urine (adulteration)

22. ABSTENTION • Stop using prior to the test • Switch to a different drug that is not part of the testing panel • Pre-employment tests most vulnerable

24. ADVICE FROM THE WEB “For best results, “abstain” for a minimum of 48 hours before the test. Of course, the longer you wait, the better your chances are.” www.drug-test-facts.com/dilution-tips

25. ADVICE FROM THE WEB “Go to the lab within minutes of it opening. Why? Because there is usually only one or two people working right at the opening and they have to multi-task to get the place open, have their first cup of coffee, chit chat, etc. They will be more likely to skip checking temperatures and specific gravity.” “Dress up in your best. For the men, a suit and tie, and for the ladies, a nice dress.”

26. HOW TO BEAT THIS CHEAT? • Limit time between notification and the test • Incorporate a company policy (where permitted by state law) to test for additional drugs • Probationary testing or testing after offer but prior to performance of safety sensitive duties

27. DILUTION (HYDRATION) • Most popular method • “Water-loading”, “Flushing”, “Detoxing” • Use of diuretics, Lasix, vitamins • Must urinate frequently before providing sample (cause of shy bladder?) • Adding water to the sample

28. PRODUCTS USED

30. DILUTE SPECIMEN “A urine specimen with creatinine and specific gravity values that are lower than expected for human urine.” Creatinine is > 2 but < 20 mg/dL AND the Specific Gravity is > 1.0010 and < 1.0030 (***Creatinine is > 2 and < 5mg/dL, requires notification from the MRO that another collection must take place immediately under direct observation)

31. DILUTE SAMPLES (40.197) • Do you have a policy? • Employer must establish policy associated with dilutes (b)(2)(ii) • May require employee to take a second test (b)(2) • Must be observed if MRO directs Employer (b)(1) • Give employee as little notice as possible • 2nd dilute sample result is acceptable • If Employee declines constitutes refusal

32. HOW TO BEAT THIS CHEAT? • Limit time between notification and the test • Monitor arrival time at clinic • Audit your collection site’s shy bladder procedures and collection site security for securing water sources • Implement retesting for dilute samples • Discuss with your MRO or TPA how dilute samples are reported

33. ADULTERATION • Adulteration • “A urine specimen that has been altered, as evidenced by test results showing either a substance that is not a normal constituent for that type of specimen or showing an abnormal concentration of an endogenous substance.”

34. OXIDIZING ADULTERANT “A substance that acts alone or in combination with other substances to oxidize drugs or drug metabolites to prevent the detection of the drug or drug metabolites, or affects the reagents in either the initial or confirmatory drug test”

35. COMMON ADULTERANTS • Nitrites (Klear, Whizzies) • Glutaralderhyde (UrinAid, Clear) • Bleach • Pyridinium Chlorochromates PCC (UrineLuck) • Hydrogen Peroxide • Peroxidase (Stealth) • Mary Jane SuperClean 13 (soap) • Visine

37. INVALID TEST “The MRO called me and said that the test on my employee was invalid. What does that mean?”

38. HOW TO BEAT THIS CHEAT? Limit the time between notification and the test Ensure your collection site: - is secure of products that could be used as adulterants - checks the restroom before and after each test - has employee empty pockets, etc. Discuss with your MRO/lab procedures for identifying adulterants

39. SUBSTITUTION “A urine specimen with creatinine and specific gravity values that are so diminished or so divergent that they are not consistent with normal human urine.” Creatinine is < 2 mg/dL AND Specific Gravity is < 1.0010 or > 1.0200

40. A Little Friendly Competition? “What this means is that they are no longer only looking for marijuana and other illicit drugs but also for additives, dilution, and most of the available adulterants/masking products, i.e. Mary Jane Super Clean 13 (liquid soap), Urinaid (glutaraldehyde), THC Free (acid), Klear (nitrite), Urine Luck (pyridinium chlorochromate), TestKlear, Golden Seal, Terminator Gold, Stealth, Clean-X, and Instant Clean. These products are all detectable, and will result in a failed drug screen. They will also be reported as a failure! “

41. DESPERATE PEOPLE DO DESPERATE THINGS

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46. SYNTHETIC URINE

48. wikiHow How to Pass a Drug Test Synthetic urine comes in two basic forms: the liquid type found in smoke shops that is similar to what is used to calibrate lab equipment; or vials of a powdered concentrate that can be added to a few ounces of warm water. Both are kept in a delivery devise with a temperature meter. This method works on everyemployment urine test (provided some conditions are met such as controlling the temperature (92 -100) and delivering the sample in 4 minutes or less).

49. CHEATERS GET CREATIVE… Cell Phone Flask Books Cane asdfsadf Binoculars Books

50. FROM THE WEB 9.1.1 Concealed container: Simply conceal the urine. The first time you're alone with the container they give you, dump in your concealed urine. Be sure you can quietly open the container; the lab personnel may be just outside the door listening. You may be required to change into a gown. If so, a condom or bag holding the sample and taped around the thigh can be concealed under the gown.